Editing Entebbe raid (section)

==Raid==
[[File:Entebbe Aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial photo of the city of [[Entebbe]] and the [[Entebbe International Airport]] at sunset]]

===Attack route===
Taking off from [[Sharm el-Sheikh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/entebbi_eng.htm|title=Operation Entebbe}}</ref> the task force flew along the international flight path over the [[Red Sea]], mostly flying at a height of no more than 30&nbsp;m (100&nbsp;ft) to avoid radar detection by Egyptian, Sudanese, and Saudi Arabian forces. Near the south outlet of the Red Sea the C-130s turned south and crossed into Ethiopian territory, passing west of [[Djibouti]]. From there, they went to a point northeast of Nairobi, Kenya. They turned west, passing through the [[East African Rift|African Rift Valley]] and over [[Lake Victoria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historynet.com/rescue-at-entebbe.htm |title=Rescue at Entebbe |publisher=HistoryNet |date= 2 April 2018|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ninety Minutes at Entebbe">{{Cite book|last=Stevenson|first=William|title=Ninety Minutes at Entebbe|publisher=[[Bantam Books]]|location=New York|year=1976|page=[https://archive.org/details/90minutesatenteb00stev/page/100 100]|isbn=978-0-553-10482-0|url=https://archive.org/details/90minutesatenteb00stev/page/100}}</ref>

Two [[Boeing 707]] jets followed the cargo planes. The first Boeing contained medical facilities and landed at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. The commander of the operation, General Yekutiel Adam, was on board the second Boeing, which circled over Entebbe Airport during the raid.<ref name="ediary" />

The Israeli forces landed at Entebbe on 3 July at 23:00 [[Israel Standard Time|IST]], with their [[cargo bay]] doors already open. Because the proper layout of the airport was not known, the first plane almost taxied into a ditch.<ref name="Telegraph_David" /> A black [[Mercedes-Benz 600|Mercedes]] car that looked like President Idi Amin's vehicle and Land Rovers that usually accompanied Amin's Mercedes were brought along. The Israelis hoped they could use them to bypass security checkpoints. When the C-130s landed, Israeli assault team members drove the vehicles to the terminal building in the same fashion as Amin.<ref name="Back to Entebbe" /><ref name="Larry Domnitch">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/pageroute.do/39910/ |title=Remembering Entebbe, Larry Domnitch |date=1 July 2009 |publisher=The Jewish Press |access-date=4 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323123727/http://www.jewishpress.com/pageroute.do/39910 |archive-date=23 March 2011}}</ref> As they approached the terminal, two Ugandan sentries, aware that Idi Amin had recently purchased a white Mercedes, ordered the vehicles to stop.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kaplan |first=David E. |date=27 December 2012 |title=A historic hostage-taking revisited |url=http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=30529 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002150201/http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=30529 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=27 December 2012 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> The first commandos shot the sentries using silenced pistols.<ref name="Back to Entebbe" /> This was against the plan and against the orders – the Ugandans were to be ignored, as they were believed not to be likely to open fire at this stage.<ref name="Telegraph_David" /> An Israeli commando in one of the following Land Rovers opened fire with an unsuppressed rifle.<ref name="Back to Entebbe" /> Fearing the hijackers would be alerted prematurely, the assault team quickly approached the terminal.<ref name="Larry Domnitch" />

===Hostage rescue===
[[File:Entebbe Airport DF-ST-99-05538.jpg|thumb|left|A 1994 photograph of the old terminal with a [[U.S. Air Force]] [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] parked in front. Bullet holes from the 1976 raid are still visible.]]
The Israelis left their vehicles and ran towards the terminal. The hostages were in the main hall of the airport building, directly adjacent to the runway. Entering the terminal, the commandos shouted through a megaphone, "Stay down! Stay down! We are Israeli soldiers," in both [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and English. Jean-Jacques Maimoni, a 19-year-old French immigrant to Israel, stood up and was killed when Muki Betser and another soldier mistook him for a hijacker and fired at him.<ref name="Entebbe's unsung hero." /> Another hostage, Pasco Cohen, 52, was also fatally wounded by gunfire from the commandos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerusalemdiaries.com/article/6 |title=Remembering Entebbe |publisher=Jerusalem Diaries |date=3 July 2001 |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> In addition, a third hostage, 56-year-old Ida Borochovitch, a Russian Jew who had [[Aliyah|emigrated to Israel]], was killed by a hijacker in the crossfire.<ref name="Bacos, 2016">{{cite news|last1=Berg|first1=Raffi|title=Entebbe pilot Michel Bacos 'saw hostage murdered'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36584346|access-date=3 July 2016|work=BBC News|date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

According to hostage Ilan Hartuv, Wilfried Böse was the only hijacker who, after the operation began, entered the hall housing the hostages. At first he pointed his [[AK-47|Kalashnikov]] rifle at hostages, but "immediately came to his senses" and ordered them to find shelter in the restroom, before being killed by the commandos. According to Hartuv, Böse fired only at Israeli soldiers and not at hostages.<ref name="Hartuv">{{cite news |author=Melman |first=Yossi |date=8 July 2011 |title=Setting the record straight: Entebbe was not Auschwitz |url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/setting-the-record-straight-entebbe-was-not-auschwitz-1.372131 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105002656/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/setting-the-record-straight-entebbe-was-not-auschwitz-1.372131 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |work=Haaretz}}</ref>

At one point an Israeli commando called out in Hebrew, "Where are the rest of them?" referring to the hijackers.<ref>{{cite book |title=Warrior Elite: 31 Heroic Special-Ops Missions from the Raid on Son Tay to the Killing of Osama Bin Laden |last=Cawthorne |first=Nigel |year=2011 |publisher=Ulysses Press |isbn=978-1-56975-930-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/warriorelite31he0000cawt/page/57 57] |url=https://archive.org/details/warriorelite31he0000cawt |url-access=registration |quote=Where are the rest of them? entebbe. |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> The hostages pointed to a connecting door of the airport's main hall, into which the commandos threw several [[hand grenade]]s. They then entered the room and shot dead the three remaining hijackers, ending the assault.<ref name="General Dan Shomron">{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3440122.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523125028/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3440122.ece |archive-date=23 May 2010 |title=General Dan Shomron |date=27 February 2008 |work=The Times |access-date=4 July 2009 |location=London |first=Fiona |last=Hamilton |url-status=dead }}</ref> Meanwhile, the other three C-130 Hercules aeroplanes had landed and unloaded [[armoured personnel carrier]]s to provide defence during the anticipated hour of refuelling. The Israelis then destroyed Ugandan MiG fighter planes to prevent them from pursuing, and conducted a sweep of the airfield to gather intelligence.<ref name="General Dan Shomron" />

===Departure===
[[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Rescued Air France Passengers.jpg|thumb|Rescued passengers welcomed at Ben Gurion Airport]]
After the raid, the Israeli assault team returned to their aircraft and began loading the hostages. Ugandan soldiers shot at them in the process. The Israeli commandos returned fire, inflicting casualties on the Ugandans. During this brief but intense firefight, Ugandan soldiers fired from the [[Control tower|airport control tower]]. At least five commandos were wounded, and the Israeli unit commander, Yonatan Netanyahu, was killed. Israeli commandos fired light machine guns and a [[rocket-propelled grenade]] back at the control tower, suppressing the Ugandans' fire. According to one of Idi Amin's sons, the soldier who shot Netanyahu, a cousin of the Amin family, was killed by return fire.<ref name= eichner/> The Israelis finished evacuating the hostages, loaded Netanyahu's body into one of the planes, and left the airport.<ref>{{cite book |title=Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces |last=Dunstan |first=Simon |year=2011 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4488-1868-6 |pages=51–53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrL9bHLpOq4C&q=Entebbe+%22Jomo+Kenyatta+airport%22&pg=PA53 |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> The entire operation lasted 53&nbsp;minutes – of which the assault lasted only 30&nbsp;minutes. All seven hijackers present, and 45 Ugandan soldiers, were killed.<ref name="General Dan Shomron" /> Eleven<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> Soviet-built [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]] and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] fighter planes of the Uganda Army Air Force were destroyed on the ground at Entebbe Airport.<ref name="Brzoska, Michael 1994 p. 203"/><ref name="auto"/> Out of the 106 hostages, 3 were killed, 1 was left in Uganda (74-year-old [[Murder of Dora Bloch|Dora Bloch]]), and approximately 10 were wounded. The 102 rescued hostages were flown to Israel via Nairobi, Kenya, shortly after the raid.<ref name="The Knesset at Sixty" />

===Ugandan reaction===

[[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Dora Bloch's Family Pays Last Respects.jpg|thumb|upright|Relatives pay last respects to Dora Bloch, 75, after she was murdered by officers of the Ugandan army.]]
Amin was furious upon learning of the raid, and reportedly boasted that he could have taught the Israelis a lesson if he had known that they would strike.{{sfn|Seftel|2010|p=216}} Following the raid, Maliyamungu had 14 soldiers arrested under suspicion of collaborating with the Israelis. Once they were gathered in a room at Makindye Barracks, he shot 12 of them with his pistol.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1511955/history-kazini-tried-arrest-kashillingi| title = History: When Kazini tried to arrest Kashillingi| date = 11 December 2019| work = New Vision| access-date = 27 February 2020}}</ref> Uganda Army Chief of Staff [[Mustafa Adrisi]] reportedly wanted to incarcerate or execute [[Godwin Sule]], the Entebbe Air Base commander, who was absent from his post during the raid. Sule had left the air base early that day to meet a female companion at Lake Victoria Hotel on 4 July. Despite Adrisi's demands, Sule's closeness to President Amin guaranteed his safety.{{sfn|Rwehururu|2002|p=76}}

==== Murder of Dora Bloch ====
{{Main article|Murder of Dora Bloch}}
Dora Bloch, a 74-year-old Israeli who also held British citizenship, was taken to [[Mulago Hospital]] in [[Kampala]] after choking on a chicken bone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maltz |first=Judy |date=4 June 2016 |title=40 years after Entebbe, Israeli hostages reflect back on a saga of survival |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2016-06-04/ty-article-magazine/40-years-after-entebbe-israeli-hostages-reflect-back/0000017f-e3a2-d7b2-a77f-e3a7785f0000 |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=Haaretz}}</ref> After the raid she was murdered by officers of the Uganda Army, as were some of her doctors and nurses, apparently for trying to intervene.<ref name="Entebbe's unsung hero." />{{#tag:ref|Now confidential cabinet papers released under the Freedom of Information Act show that the British High Commission in Kampala received a report from a Ugandan civilian that Mrs Bloch had been shot and her body dumped in the boot of a car which had Ugandan intelligence services number plates.<ref name="Idi Amin's hijack victim"/>|group="nb"|name="highcommission"}}<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/revealed-the-fate-of-idi-amins-hijack-victim-436181.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Robert | last=Verkaik | title=Revealed: the fate of Idi Amin's hijack victim | date=13 February 2007}}</ref> In April 1987, [[Henry Kyemba]], Uganda's [[Attorney general]] and [[Justice ministry|Minister of Justice]] at the time, told the [[Uganda Human Rights Commission]] that Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and killed by two army officers on Amin's orders.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/7/newsid_2496000/2496095.stm |title=1976: British grandmother missing in Uganda |work=BBC News |access-date=27 December 2012 |archive-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218065112/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/7/newsid_2496000/2496095.stm |url-status=live |date=7 July 1976}}</ref> Bloch was shot and her body was dumped in the trunk of a car that had Ugandan intelligence services number plates. Her remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 20&nbsp;miles (32&nbsp;km) east of Kampala in 1979,<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite news |date=4 June 1979 |title=Body of Amin Victim Is Flown Back to Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/04/archives/body-of-amin-victim-is-flown-back-to-israel.html |access-date= |work=The New York Times |page=A3 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> after the [[Uganda–Tanzania War]] ended Amin's rule.<ref name="Idi Amin's hijack victim">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/revealed-the-fate-of-idi-amins-hijack-victim-436181.html|title=Revealed: the fate of Idi Amin's hijack victim|last=Verkaik|first=Robert|date=13 February 2007|work=The Independent|access-date=4 July 2009 | location=London}}</ref>

==== Idi Amin's anti-Kenyan crackdown ====
Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda in retaliation for Kenya's assistance to Israel in the raid. Uganda killed 245 Kenyans, including airport staff at Entebbe. To avoid massacre, approximately 3000 Kenyans fled Uganda as refugees.<ref name="Keesing27891">{{Cite news |date=22 August 1976 |title=Dispute between Uganda and Kenya |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1368-1976-08-KS-a-IEM.pdf |work=Keesing's Record of World Events |pages=27891 |volume=22}}</ref><ref name="BBCOn">{{Cite news |date=4 July 2008 |title=1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4/newsid_2786000/2786967.stm |access-date=26 July 2009 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC&nbsp;– On this day}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalinaki |first1=Daniel K. |date=3 July 2016 |title=Entebbe raid humiliated Amin, nearly caused East African war |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Entebbe-raid-embarrassed-Amin--nearly-caused-East-African-war/1056-3277804-1327oaiz/index.html |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref>

On 24 May 1978, Kenya's former agriculture minister, [[Bruce MacKenzie]], was killed when a bomb attached to his aircraft exploded as MacKenzie departed a meeting with Amin. Some have asserted that Ugandan president Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie in retaliation for Kenya's involvement and MacKenzie's actions prior to the raid.<ref name="jpost1" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Kahana |first=Ephraim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAar3TpYOt4C&q=israel+kenya&pg=PA171 |title=Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8108-6500-6 |access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="standardmedia1">{{cite news|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000042641&pageNo=1 |title=Ugandan agents killed former Cabinet minister, says dossier |publisher=Standard Digital News |access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrL9bHLpOq4C&q=bruce+mackenzie+May+24%2C+1978&pg=PA58 |title=Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces – Simon Dunstan |access-date=26 September 2013|isbn=978-1-4488-1868-6 |last1=Dunstan |first1=Simon |date=15 January 2011|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group }}</ref> Others have indicated various other possible causes for the bombing, including that another person aboard the plane may have been the target.<ref name="mosaad_mckenzie_2019_05_26_thecitizen_co_tz">{{Cite news |date=9 April 2021 |orig-date=2019-05-26 |title=Mossad, McKenzie, Idi Amin: The strange mix |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/-mossad-mckenzie-idi-amin-the-strange-mix-2682606 |access-date=2020-09-25 |work=The Citizen}}[CAUTION: THAT WEB PAGE INFECTED WITH A VIRUS at time of retrieval].</ref><ref name="Kenyan_digest">{{Cite news |date=2 June 2019 |title=Mystery behind Bruce McKenzie's death lingers on |url=https://kenyandigest.com/mystery-behind-bruce-mckenzies-death-lingers-on/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |work=[[Kenyan Digest]]}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Later, Mossad Chief Director [[Meir Amit]] had a forest planted in Israel in MacKenzie's name.<ref name="jpost1" />