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Euler's formula
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===Topological interpretation=== {{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}} In the language of [[topology]], Euler's formula states that the imaginary exponential function <math>t \mapsto e^{it}</math> is a ([[Surjective function|surjective]]) [[morphism]] of [[topological group]]s from the real line <math>\mathbb R</math> to the unit circle <math>\mathbb S^1</math>. In fact, this exhibits <math>\mathbb R</math> as a [[covering space]] of <math>\mathbb S^1</math>. Similarly, [[Euler's identity]] says that the [[Kernel (algebra)|kernel]] of this map is <math>\tau \mathbb Z</math>, where <math>\tau = 2\pi</math>. These observations may be combined and summarized in the [[commutative diagram]] below: [[File:Euler's formula commutative diagram.svg|frameless|center|Euler's formula and identity combined in diagrammatic form]]
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