Editing Face transplant (section)

====United States====
{{Wikinews|Cleveland, Ohio clinic performs US's first face transplant}}
In 2004, the [[Cleveland Clinic]] became the first institution to approve this surgery and test it on cadavers.

In 2005, the Cleveland Clinic became the first US hospital to approve the procedure. In December 2008, a team at the Cleveland Clinic, led by [[Maria Siemionow]] and including a group of supporting doctors and six plastic surgeons (Steven Bernard, Dr Mark Hendrickson, Robert Lohman, Dan Alam and Francis Papay) performed the first face transplant in the US on a woman named [[Connie Culp]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Alberti|first1=Fay Bound|last2=Hoyle|first2=Victoria|title=First US face transplant recipient dies, leaving an important legacy|url=http://theconversation.com/first-us-face-transplant-recipient-dies-leaving-an-important-legacy-144522|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The Conversation|date=18 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="titleUS plans first face transplant">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4259538.stm |title=US plans first face transplant |access-date=25 November 2007 |work=BBC News | date=19 September 2005}}</ref><ref name="Cleveland Clinic performs first full face transplant">{{cite web|url=http://my.clevelandclinic.org/about-cleveland-clinic/newsroom/releases-videos-newsletters/2014-11-18-cleveland-clinic-performs-second-face-transplant |title=Cleveland Clinic Performs Second Face Transplant |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112062808/http://my.clevelandclinic.org/about-cleveland-clinic/newsroom/releases-videos-newsletters/2014-11-18-cleveland-clinic-performs-second-face-transplant |archive-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> It was the world's first near-total facial transplant and the fourth known facial transplant to have been successfully performed to date. This operation was the first facial transplant known to have included bones, along with muscle, skin, blood vessels, and nerves. The woman received a nose, most of the sinuses around the nose, the upper jaw, and even some teeth from a brain-dead donor. As doctors recovered the donor's facial tissue, they paid special attention to maintaining arteries, veins, and nerves, as well as soft tissue and bony structures. The surgeons then connected facial graft vessels to the patient's blood vessels in order to restore blood circulation in the reconstructed face before connecting arteries, veins and nerves in the 22-hour procedure. She had been disfigured to the point where she could not eat or breathe on her own as a result of a traumatic injury several years ago, which had left her without a nose, right eye and upper jaw. Doctors hoped the operation would allow her to regain her sense of smell and ability to smile, and said she had a "clear understanding" of the risks involved. Connie died 29 July 2020.
The second partial face transplant in the US took place at [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]] in Boston on 9 April 2009. During a 17-hour operation, a surgical team led by [[Bohdan Pomahač]], replaced the nose, upper lip, cheeks, and roof of the mouth – along with corresponding muscles, bones and nerves – of James Maki, age 59. Maki's face was severely injured after falling onto the electrified third rail at a Boston subway station in 2005. In May 2009, he made a public media appearance and declared he was happy with the result.<ref>[http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2009/05/face-transplant-recipient-says-hes-happy-with-results.html usatoday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523180240/http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2009/05/face-transplant-recipient-says-hes-happy-with-results.html |date=23 May 2009 }} article ''Face transplant recipient 'happy' with results''</ref> This procedure was also shown in the eighth episode of the ABC documentary series [[Boston Med]].

The first full face transplant performed in the US was done on a construction worker named [[Dallas Wiens]] in March 2011. He was burned in an electrical accident in 2008. This operation, performed by Bohdan Pomahač and BWH plastic surgery team,<ref>{{cite news|last=Keiper|first=Lauren|title=U.S. man shows off first full face transplant|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2011/05/09/us-man-shows-off-first-full-face-transplant|newspaper=Toronto Sun|access-date=10 May 2011|date=9 May 2011}}</ref> was paid for with the help of the US defense department. They hope to learn from this procedure and use what they learn to help soldiers with facial injuries.<ref>[http://www.fayobserver.com/articles/2011/03/21/1080354?sac=Mil Fayetteville Observer] article ''Full-face transplant a first in U.S.; military helps pay for operation''</ref> One of the top benefits of the surgery was that Dallas has regained his sense of smell.<ref>{{cite news|title=Face transplant: Dallas Wiens hails regained smell|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13339512|work=BBC News|access-date=10 May 2011|date=9 May 2011}}</ref>

The [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]] transplant team led by Bohdan Pomahač, performed the nation's second full face transplant on patient Mitch Hunter of Speedway, Indiana. Hunter, who is a US war veteran, was left disfigured in a car accident, burning about 94% of his face. It was the third face transplant procedure to be performed at BWH and the fourth face transplant in the country. The team of more than 30 physicians, nurses, anesthesiologists and residents worked for more than 14 hours to replace the full facial area of patient Mitch Hunter including the nose, eyelids, muscles of facial animation and the nerves that power them and provide sensation. Mitch Hunter was a passenger in a single cab pick-up truck, upon exiting the vehicle and pulling another passenger off a downed line, Hunter was then struck by a 10,000-volt 7-amp power line for a little under five minutes. The electricity entered his lower left leg, with the majority exiting his face, leaving him severely disfigured. He also lost part of his lower left leg, below the knee, and lost two digits on his right hand (pinkie and ring finger). Hunter has regained almost 100% of his normal sensation back in his face and his only complaint is that he looks too much like his older brother.<ref name="brighamandwomens.org"/>

57-year-old [[Charla Nash]], who was mauled by a chimpanzee named Travis in 2009, after the owner gave the chimp [[Alprazolam|Xanax]] and wine. She underwent a 20-hour full face transplant in May 2011 at [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]] in [[Boston]]. Nash's full face transplant was the third surgery of its kind performed in the United States, all at the same hospital.<ref name="nash">{{cite web|url=http://health.yahoo.net/news/s/nm/us_usa_transplant_face|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811225731/http://health.yahoo.net/news/s/nm/us_usa_transplant_face|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Woman mauled by chimp shows new face in first photo|date=11 August 2011|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref>

In March 2012, a face transplant was completed at the University of Maryland Medical Center and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center under the leadership of plastic surgeon [[Eduardo D. Rodriguez|Eduardo Rodriguez]] and his team (Amir Dorafshar, Michael Christy, Branko Bojovic and [[Daniel Borsuk]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://hospitalnews.com/canadian-doctor-on-team-who-performed-extensive-full-face-transplant/ | title=Canadian doctor on team who performed extensive full face transplant| work=Hospital News| date=8 May 2012}}</ref>).<ref>{{cite news|last=Jaffer Khan|first=Nasheet|title=The team of five worked miracle|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/usa/the-team-of-five-worked-a-miracle-1.1001247|access-date=13 April 2012|newspaper=gulfnews|date=29 March 2012}}</ref> The recipient was 37-year-old Richard Norris, who had sustained a facial gunshot injury in 1997. This transplant included all facial and anterior neck skin, both jaws, and the tongue.<ref>{{cite news |last=Carroll |first=Linda |title=Virginia man gets extensive face transplant after gun accident |url=http://vitals.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/03/27/10888074-virginia-man-gets-extensive-face-transplant-after-gun-accident |access-date=5 April 2012 |newspaper=MSNBC |date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330005823/http://vitals.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/03/27/10888074-virginia-man-gets-extensive-face-transplant-after-gun-accident |archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref>

In September 2014, another face transplant was performed by the Cleveland Clinic group. The patient had had complex trauma that masked the development of a rare type of autoimmune disease (granulomatosis with polyangiitis and pyoderma gengrenosum) affecting the face. It was the first face transplant in a patient with an autoimmune disease involving the craniofacial region. Prior to surgery, an analysis of renal transplant outcomes in granulomatosis with polyangiitis was conducted to evaluate allograft outcomes in these cohorts. That literature established feasibility and encouraged the Cleveland Clinic team to proceed with the surgery. The intervention was reported successful up to three years post-transplantation.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1111/ajt.13751|title = Establishing the Feasibility of Face Transplantation in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis|year = 2016|last1 = Hashem|first1 = A. M.|last2 = Hoffman|first2 = G. S.|last3 = Gastman|first3 = B.|last4 = Bernard|first4 = S.|last5 = Djohan|first5 = R.|last6 = Hendrickson|first6 = M.|last7 = Schwarz|first7 = G.|last8 = Doumit|first8 = G.|last9 = Gharb|first9 = B. B.|last10 = Rampazzo|first10 = A.|last11 = Zins|first11 = J. E.|last12 = Siemionow|first12 = M.|last13 = Papay|first13 = F.|journal = American Journal of Transplantation|volume = 16|issue = 7|pages = 2213–2223|pmid = 26876068|s2cid = 27759571|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://fox8.com/news/cleveland-clinic-performs-second-face-transplant/ |title = Cleveland Clinic performs second face transplant {{!}} Fox 8 Cleveland WJW| date=18 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://newsroom.clevelandclinic.org/2018/08/14/face-transplants-the-changing-face-of-medicine/#:~:text=The%20second%20Cleveland%20Clinic%20face%20transplant%20occurred%20in,replaced%20about%2090%20percent%20of%20the%20patient%E2%80%99s%20face. |title = Face Transplants: The Changing Face of Medicine – Cleveland Clinic Newsroom| work=Cleveland Clinic Newsroom | date=14 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url = https://journals.lww.com/annalsplasticsurgery/Abstract/2019/03000/Face_Transplantation_for_Granulomatosis_With.15.aspx |title = Face Transplantation for Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (W... : Annals of Plastic Surgery) |journal = Annals of Plastic Surgery |date = March 2019 |volume = 82 |issue = 3 |pages = 320–329 |doi = 10.1097/SAP.0000000000001735 |last1 = Hashem |first1 = Ahmed M. |last2 = Djohan |first2 = Risal |last3 = Bernard |first3 = Steven |last4 = Hendrickson |first4 = Mark |last5 = Schwarz |first5 = Graham |last6 = Gharb |first6 = Bahar B. |last7 = Rampazzo |first7 = Antonio |last8 = Hoffman |first8 = Gary S. |last9 = Doumit |first9 = Gaby |last10 = Bergfeld |first10 = Wilma |last11 = Zins |first11 = James E. |last12 = Siemionow |first12 = Maria |last13 = Papay |first13 = Francis |last14 = Gastman |first14 = Brian |pmid = 30633023 |s2cid = 58626351 |url-access = subscription }}</ref>

In August 2015, a face transplant was completed at the NYU Langone Medical Center under the leadership of the chair of plastic surgery [[Eduardo D. Rodriguez]] and his team. A 41-year-old retired fireman named Patrick Hardison received the face of cyclist David Rodebaugh.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/11/16/nyu-surgeons-announce-most-comprehensive-face-transplant-to-date-on-volunteer-firefighter-photos/ | title=Groundbreaking face transplant: After a firefighter was injured on duty, a deceased 26-year-old cyclist gave him his life back| newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

In June 2016, a multidisciplinary team of surgeons, physicians and other health professionals completed a near-total face transplant at [[Mayo Clinic]]'s Rochester campus. Patient Andrew Sandness, a 32-year-old from eastern Wyoming, had devastating facial injuries from a self-inflicted gunshot wound in 2006. The surgery, which spanned more than 50 hours, restored Sandness' nose, upper and lower jaw, palate, teeth, cheeks, facial muscles, oral mucosa, some of the salivary glands and the skin of his face (from below the eyelids to the neck and from ear to ear). The care team led by Samir Mardini, and Hatem Amer, the surgical director and medical director, respectively, for the Mayo Clinic Essam and Dalal Obaid Center for Reconstructive Transplant Surgery, devoted more than 50 Saturdays over {{frac|3|1|2}} years to rehearsing the surgery, using sets of cadaver heads to transplant the face of one to the other. They used 3-D imaging and virtual surgery to plot out the bony cuts so the donor's face would fit perfectly on the transplant recipient. Today, in addition to his physical transformation, Sandness can smell again, breathe normally and eat foods that were off-limits for a decade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/326b2b9322f64ad4827edc87a76dc321/twin-tragedies-give-survivor-new-face-and-new-life|title=AP Exclusive: Twin tragedies give survivor a new face|work=The Big Story|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref>

In a 31-hour operation starting on 4 May 2017, surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic transplanted a face donated from Adrea Schneider, who had died of a drug overdose, to Katie Stubblefield, whose face had been disfigured in a suicide attempt by rifle on 25 March 2014. {{as of|2018}}, Katie is the youngest person in the United States to have had a face transplant, age 21 at the time. Surgeons originally planned to leave her cheeks, eyebrows, eyelids, most of her forehead, and the sides of her face alone. However, because the donor face was larger and darker than Katie's, they made the decision to transplant the donor's full face. This holds the risk that in case of acute [[Transplant rejection|rejection]] in which the face must be removed, she would not have enough tissue for reconstructive surgery. Katie was featured on the cover of [[National Geographic]] in September 2018 for an article entitled "The Story of a Face."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Joanna|last=Connors|date=September 2018|title=How a Transplanted Face Transformed Katie Stubblefield's Life|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/face-transplant-katie-stubblefield-story-identity-surgery-science|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|access-date=19 August 2018|url-access=subscription}} See also: {{cite episode|title=Katie's New Face|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/movies/katies-new-face/|access-date=26 August 2018|network=[[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|''National Geographic'' U.S. TV network]]|date=2018|series=Katie's New Face<!-- placeholder: one-off film; "series" parameter required; Cite AV media template seems less appropriate for this -->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/2019/01/story-of-a-face/|title=The Story of a Face: National Geographic Unveils Youngest Full-Face Transplant Recipient in American History|first1=Leah|last1=Jereb|first2=Kelsey|last2=Taylor|date=14 August 2018|work=National Geographic Partners Press Room|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

In July 2019, 68-year-old Robert Chelsea became the oldest person, as well as the first black person in the world, to receive a full face transplant. On 6 August 2013, Robert was involved in an horrific car accident, leaving burns over 75% of his body. The severe damage meant that Robert was missing significant facial elements such as a part of his nose, which limited his ability to eat and drink. Functionality was important to Robert and was a key reason behind his pursuit of the surgery. In 2016, a face transplant was first discussed. Yet, health care disparities have led to a lack of black organ donations. This meant that Robert waited two years to find a face that matched something close to his own complexion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Ben |date=2021-01-04 |title=I Am Robert Chelsea |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000qwwy |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=BBC Sounds}}</ref> The surgery was performed on 27 July 2019 at Brigham and Women's Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brighamandwomens.org/about-bwh/newsroom/face-transplant-chelsea|title=In the Spotlight: Robert Chelsea|publisher=Brigham and Women's Hospital|access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>

In February 2024, 30-year-old Derek Pfaff received a full-face transplant from an anonymous donor. Pfaff had previously shot himself in the face during a suicide attempt in March 2014, 10 years prior to the surgery. The results of the surgery were later revealed in November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Looby Carlson |first1=Erin |title=Family sees God's hand in son's survival after suicide attempt, successful face transplant |url=https://www.thecatholicspirit.com/news/nation-and-world/family-sees-gods-hand-in-sons-survival-after-suicide-attempt-successful-face-transplant/ |access-date=29 November 2024 |work=[[The Catholic Spirit]] |date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Jacqueline |title=Survivor of suicide attempt receives innovative face transplant: 'It was just a miracle' |url=https://ktvz.com/health/cnn-health/2024/11/19/suicide-survivor-receives-innovative-face-transplant-it-was-just-a-miracle/ |access-date=29 November 2024 |work=KTVZ |publisher=CNN |date=19 November 2024}}</ref>