Editing Foreign object damage (section)

==Studies==
There have only been two detailed studies of the economic cost of FOD for civil airline operations. The first was by Brad Bachtel of [[Boeing]], who published a value of $4 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] per year.<ref name="ForeignObjectDebrisAndDamagePrevention">{{cite web |title=Foreign Object Debris and Damage Prevention |url=http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_01/textonly/s01txt.html |work= Boeing Aero Magazine |access-date=2008-10-28}}</ref> This top-down value was for several years the standard industry figure for the cost of FOD. The second work (2007) was by Iain McCreary from the consultancy Insight SRI Ltd. This more detailed report offered a first-cut of the cost of FOD, based on a bottom-up analysis of airline maintenance log records. Here, data was broken into ''per flight direct costs'' and ''per flight indirect costs'' for the top 300 global airports, with detailed footnotes on the supporting data.<ref name="insightsri.com">{{cite web |title=The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines |url=http://insightsri.com/publications |work=Insight SRI Ltd |access-date=2008-10-28 |archive-date=2009-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707225749/http://www.insightsri.com/publications |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Insight SRI research was a standard reference for 2007–2009 as it was the only source presenting costs and thus was quoted by regulators, airports, and technology providers alike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search|url=https://www.eurocontrol.int/search|access-date=2020-08-17|website=www.eurocontrol.int|language=en}}</ref>

However, while that 2007 Insight SRI paper remains the best free public source of data, the new analysis (2010) from Insight SRI offers new numbers. The author of the new report (not free) says "Readers are cautioned not to rely on or in the future refer to numbers from the 2007-08 Insight SRI paper ''The Economic Cost of FOD to Airlines''. This earlier effort was 'The' first document detailing the direct and indirect cost of FOD that was based on airline maintenance data (the entire document was a single page of data, followed by 8 pages of footnotes)."

Per-flight direct costs of $26<ref name="insightsri.com"/> are calculated by considering engine maintenance spending, tire replacements, and aircraft body damage.

Per-flight indirect costs include a total of 33 individual categories:

#Airport efficiency losses
#Carbon / environmental issues
#Change of aircraft
#Close airport
#Close runway
#Corporate manslaughter/criminal liability
#Cost of corrective action
#Cost of hiring and training replacement
#Cost of rental or lease of replacement equipment
#Cost of restoration of order
#Cost of the investigation
#Delay for planes in air
#Delays at gate
#Fines and citations
#[[Fuel efficiency]] losses
#Hotels
#In-air go-around
#Increased insurance premiums
#Increased operating costs on remaining equipment
#Insurance deductibles
#Legal fees resulting
#Liability claims in excess of insurance
#Loss of aircraft
#Loss of business and damage to reputation
#Loss of productivity of injured personnel
#Loss of spares or specialized equipment
#Lost time and overtime
#Missed connections
#Morale
#Reaction by crews leading to disruption of schedule
#Replacement flights on other carriers
#Scheduled maintenance
#Unscheduled maintenance

The study concludes that when these indirect costs are added, then the cost of FOD increases by a multiple of up to 10 times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insightsri.com/system/files/The+Ecomonic+Cost+of+FOD+-+Jul08.pdf |title=The economic cost of FOD to airlines |date=March 2008 |work=Insight SRI Ltd. |access-date=2010-09-21 |archive-date=2022-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302065611/https://www.insightsri.com/system/files/The-Ecomonic-Cost-of-FOD---Jul08.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Eurocontrol]] and the [[FAA]] are both studying FOD. Eurocontrol released a preliminary assessment of FOD detection technologies in 2006, while the FAA is conducting trials of the four leading systems from [[Qinetiq]] (PVD, Providence [[T. F. Green Airport]]), Stratech (ORD, Chicago [[O'Hare International Airport]]), [[Xsight Systems]] (BOS, Boston [[Logan International Airport]]), and [[Trex Aviation Systems]] (ORD, Chicago O'Hare Airport) during 2007 and 2008. Results of this study should be published in 2009.{{update after|2009|12|31}}