Editing Glorious First of June (section)

==Aftermath==
Both Britain and France claimed victory in the battle: Britain by virtue of capturing or sinking seven French ships without losing any of her own and remaining in control of the battle site; France because the vital convoy had passed through the Atlantic unharmed and arrived in France without significant loss.{{sfn|Tracy |1998|p=98}} The two fleets were showered by their respective nations with both praise and criticism—the latter particularly directed at those captains not felt to have contributed significantly to the fighting.{{sfn|James |2002|p=173}}

===France===
In France the revolutionary principles of {{lang|fr|égalité}} precluded extensive awards, but Villaret was promoted to vice-admiral on 27 September 1794<ref name=levot544>Levot, p.544</ref> and other minor awards were distributed to the admirals of the fleet. In addition the fleet's officers took part in a celebratory parade from Brest to Paris, accompanying the recently arrived food supplies. The role of [[French ship Vengeur du Peuple|''Vengeur du Peuple'']] was mythified by [[Bertrand Barère]], giving birth to an exalted legend. Opinion in France concerning the battle's outcome was divided; while many celebrated Saint-André's exaggerated accounts of victory in ''Le Moniteur'', senior naval officers disagreed. Among the dissenters was the highly experienced but recently dismissed Admiral [[Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec|Kerguelen]]. Kerguelen was disgusted by Villaret's failure to renew the battle after he had reformed his squadron, and felt that the French fleet could have been successful tactically as well as strategically if only Villaret had made greater efforts to engage the remains of Howe's fleet.{{sfn|James |2002|pp=174–175}} The French Navy had suffered its worst losses in a single day since the [[Battle of La Hogue]] in 1692.{{sfn|Rodger |2004|p=430}}

Ultimately the revolutionary excesses of the period would prove disastrous for the French Navy. Poor leadership, conflicting and arbitrary orders and the decimation of the experienced seamen in the ranks promoted a negative attitude in the French officer corps. The French battlefleet did not contest British dominance in Northern European waters again, and their raiding operations repeatedly ended in failure at the hands of more confident British squadrons and the unforgiving Atlantic weather. By 1805, when the last great French fleet to take to the sea was crushed at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], poor training and low investment in the Navy had reduced its efficiency to levels unthinkable 20&nbsp;years earlier.{{sfn|Padfield |2000|p=163}}

===Britain===
[[Image:Glorious First of June.jpg|thumb|1802 engraving commemorating the Glorious First of June.]]

In Britain, the fleet in [[Spithead]] was treated with a Royal visit by King [[George III]] and the entire royal household.{{sfn|Tracy |1998|p=99}} Numerous honours were bestowed on the fleet and its commanders. Admiral Howe, already an earl, refused any further elevation, and one of Howe's political opponents dissuaded King George III from making him a [[Knight of the Garter]].{{sfn|James |2002|p=179}} Vice-Admiral Graves was elevated to the [[Peerage of Ireland]] as [[Baron Graves]], while Vice-Admiral Hood was made [[Viscount Bridport]].{{efn|The title [[Viscount Hood]] was already in use as the title of his cousin, Admiral [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood]].}} Rear-Admirals [[Sir George Bowyer, 5th Baronet|Bowyer]], Gardner, Pasley and Curtis (the last-named was promoted from captain on 4 July 1794) were all made [[baronets]], and Bowyer and Pasley also received pensions of £1,000 a year to compensate them for their severe wounds.{{sfn|James |2002|p=179}} All first lieutenants were promoted to [[commander]] and numerous other officers were promoted in consequence of their actions. The thanks of [[Parliament of Great Britain|parliament]] were unanimously passed to all who fought at the action and various other gifts and awards were distributed among the fleet.{{sfn|Gardiner|2001a|p=39}} A memorial to Captains John Hutt and John Harvey, both of whom had died of their wounds on 30 June, was raised in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="ODNBJHarvey"/>

[[Image:London-Woolwich, Royal Arsenal, Shell Foundry Gate, cannon 01.jpg|thumb|left|French cannon, captured by Lord Howe, now on display at [[Royal Arsenal]], [[Woolwich]]]]

There was, however, a bitter consequence of the awards, rooted in Howe's official dispatch to the Admiralty concerning the battle, which according to some accounts was actually written by Curtis.{{sfn|Rodger |2004|p=430}} Howe had appended a list to his report containing the names of officers whom he believed merited special reward for their part in the battle. The list included Vice-Admirals Graves and Hood, Rear-Admirals Bowyer, Gardner, and Pasley, and Captains Seymour, Pakenham, Cranfield Berkeley, Gambier, John Harvey, Payne, Henry Harvey, Pringle, Duckworth, Elphinstone, Nichols, and Hope. Also mentioned were Lieutenants Monkton and Donnelly.{{sfn|James |2002|p=181}} The list had omitted a number of officers who had served in the battle, and the justice of their omission was a highly controversial issue in the Navy.{{sfn|Tracy |1998|p=90}}> Rear-Admiral Caldwell was the sole British flag officer present not to receive a hereditary honour, although he was promoted to Vice-Admiral on 4 July (as were Bowyer and Gardner). After studying the ship's logs and reports of the battle, the Admiralty minted a medal to be awarded to the living captains on the list only (although Captain [[Sir William Parker, 1st Baronet, of Harburn|William Parker]] of HMS ''Audacious'' was awarded one as well).{{sfn|Rodger |2004|p=430}} The captains excluded from the list were furious, and the furore from this selective commendation lasted years: in 1795 Vice-Admiral Caldwell quit the service in anger as a result,<ref name="ODNBCald">[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4383 Caldwell, Sir Benjamin], ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', J. K. Laughton, retrieved 8 December 2007</ref> while [[Cuthbert Collingwood]], flag captain of ''Barfleur'', refused all awards for future service until the Glorious First of June medal was presented to him as well. He eventually received it after the [[Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)|Battle of Cape St Vincent]] in 1797.<ref name="ODNBColl">[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5930?docPos=1 Collingwood, Cuthbert], ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', C. H. H. Owen, retrieved 31 December 2007</ref> Over five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the [[Naval General Service Medal (1847)|Naval General Service Medal]], awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847.<ref name="LG4">{{London Gazette|issue=20939|pages=236–245|date=26 January 1849}}</ref>

Bitterest of all was the [[whispering campaign]] directed at Anthony Molloy, captain of HMS ''Caesar''. Molloy was accused of cowardice by fellow officers for his failure to follow Howe's orders on both 29 May and 1 June. Molloy's request for an official court-martial to clear his name failed, and although his personal courage was not called into question, his professional ability was.{{sfn|Gardiner|2001a|p=39}} Molloy was dismissed from his ship.<ref>Brenton, ''The Naval History of Great Britain'', p. 227</ref>

Of the captured ships, several were purchased and enjoyed long careers in the Royal Navy, in particular the two 80-gun ships [[HMS Sans Pareil (1794)|HMS ''Sans Pareil'']], which was decommissioned in 1802 but not broken up until 1842, and [[French ship Deux Frères|HMS ''Juste'']], which was a popular command until her decommissioning in 1802 at the [[Peace of Amiens]]. Of the four 74-gun prizes, ''Achille'' and ''Northumberland'' (both 74s built in the late 1770s) were broken up as unserviceable soon after arrival in Britain, while ''Impétueux'' was destroyed in a dockyard fire on 24 August 1794 while undergoing repairs. ''America'', the final prize, was taken into the Royal Navy as HMS ''America'' but renamed [[French ship America (1788)|HMS ''Impetueux'']] in July 1795 and remained in service until 1813.{{sfn|Gardiner|2001a|pp=40–41}} The combined [[prize money]] for these ships was £201,096 (the equivalent of £{{Formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|201096|1794|r=-6}}|0}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y|group=lower-alpha}} divided among the ships under Lord Howe's command.<ref name="TW64">Wareham, p. 64</ref>