Editing Guttural R (section)

==North Germanic==
[[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] rhotics predominate in northern [[Scandinavia]]. Where they occur, they affect the succeeding alveolars, turning the clusters {{IPA|/rs/}} and {{IPA|/rt/}}, {{IPA|/rd/}}, {{IPA|/rn/}}, {{IPA|/rl/}} [[retroflex]]: {{IPA|[ʂ ʈ ɖ ɳ ɭ]}}. Thus the Norwegian word "norsk" is pronounced {{IPA|[nɔʂk]}} by speakers with an alveolar flap. This effect is rare in the speech of those using a uvular R ({{IPA|[nɔʁsk]}}).

===Danish and Swedish===
The rhotic used in [[Denmark]] is a [[voiced uvular approximant]], and the nearby Swedish ex-Danish regions of [[Scania]], [[Blekinge]], southern [[Halland]] as well as a large part of [[Småland]] and on the [[Öland]] island, use a [[uvular trill]] or a [[Voiced uvular fricative|uvular fricative]].

To some extent in [[Östergötland]] and still quite commonly in [[Västergötland]], a mixture of guttural and rolling rhotic consonants (e.g. {{IPA|/ʁ/}} and {{IPA|/r/}} is used, with the pronunciation depending on the position in the word, the stress of the syllable and in some varieties depending on whether the consonant is [[gemination|geminated]]. The pronunciation remains if a word that is pronounced with a particular rhotic consonant is put into a compound word in a position where that realization would not otherwise occur if it were part of the same stem as the preceding sound. However, in Östergötland the pronunciation tends to gravitate more towards {{IPA|[w]}} and in Västergötland the realization is commonly voiced.
Common from the time of [[Gustav III]] (Swedish king 1771–1792), who was much inspired by French culture and language, was the use of guttural R in the nobility and in the upper classes of [[Stockholm]]. This phenomenon vanished in the 1900s. The last well-known non-Southerner who spoke with a guttural R, and did not have a speech defect, was [[Anders Gernandt (equestrian)|Anders Gernandt]], a popular [[equitation]] commentator on TV.

===Norwegian===
Most of Norway uses an [[alveolar flap]], but about one third of the inhabitants of Norway, primarily in the South-West region, are now using the uvular rhotic. In the western and southern part of [[South Norway]], the uvular rhotic is still spreading and includes all towns and coastal areas of [[Agder]], most of [[Rogaland]], large parts of [[Hordaland]], and [[Sogn og Fjordane]] in and around [[Florø]]. The origin was the city of [[Bergen, Norway|Bergen]] as well as Kristiansand in the 18th century.<ref>Chambers, J.K. and Trudgill, P. (1998): Dialectology. Cambridge University Press, p. 173f.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Spreiing av skarre-r-en|url=http://www.sprakradet.no/svardatabase/sporsmal-og-svar/spreiing-av-skarre-r-en/|access-date=10 January 2021|website=Språkrådet|language=nb}}</ref> Because [[retroflex consonant]]s are mutations of {{IPA|[ɾ]}} and other alveolar or dental consonants, the use of a uvular rhotic means an absence of most retroflex consonants.

===Icelandic===
In Icelandic, the uvular rhotic-like {{IPA|[ʀ]}} or {{IPA|[ʁ]}}<ref name=framburdur>{{cite web|url=https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/18578/1/Meistararitgerd_kristinmaria.pdf|title=Framburður MND-veikra á Íslandi|year=2014|author=Kristín María Gísladóttir|page=22}}</ref> is an uncommon<ref name=framburdur/> deviation from the normal alveolar trill or flap, and is considered a [[speech disorder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/menntamalaraduneyti-media/media/ritogskyrslur/skyrsl_stodu_barna_ungm_malthroskarosk_2012.pdf|page=17|title=Skýrsla um stöðu barna og ungmenna með tal- og málþroskaröskun|year=2012}}</ref>