Editing Hebron (section)

== Geography ==
[[File:Grapes in Hebron.jpg|thumb|Grape farming in Hebron]]
Hebron is situated on the southern [[West Bank]].<ref name=":13" /> Nestled in the [[Judaean Mountains]], it lies {{convert|930|m}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=History Of Hebron {{!}} Hebron Rehabilitation Committee |url=https://www.hrc.ps/en/node/22 |access-date=August 3, 2024 |website=www.hrc.ps}}</ref> Hebron is located {{convert|30|km}} south of [[Jerusalem]], {{convert|60.1|km}} east of [[Gaza City|Gaza]], {{convert|43|km}} southeest of [[Beersheba]] and {{convert|68.4|km}} northeast of [[Tel Aviv]], both in [[Israel]] and {{convert|89.8|km}} northeast of [[Amman]], [[Jordan]].<ref name=":13" /> The city is surrounded by [[Bani Na'im]] and [[Dura, Hebron|Dura]] to the east, [[Halhul]] to the north, [[Taffuh]] to the west and [[Yatta, Hebron|Yatta]] to the south.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |title=Hebron City Profile |url=http://vprofile.arij.org/hebron/pdfs/Hebron%20City%20profile.pdf |work=[[The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem]]}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> The Israeli–controlled H2 region is located in the eastern region of the city.<ref name=":13" />

It is one of the highest cities in the area and was, until the 19th century, considered the highest city in the Middle East.<ref name=":13" /> With the governorate and metropolitan area, it forms about 19% of the West Bank total area.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 3, 2014 |title=Total central bank liabilities |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-euz-2014-graph12-en |journal=OECD Economic Surveys: Euro Area 2014 |series=OECD Economic Surveys: Euro Area |doi=10.1787/eco_surveys-euz-2014-graph12-en |isbn=978-92-64-20688-5 |issn=1999-0804|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The city is surrounded by several mountains and hills, including the [[Hebron Hills]] (''Jabal al–Khalil'') and [[Mount Nabi Yunis, Palestine|Mount Nabi Yunis]].<ref name=":13" /><ref>Jordan Journal of Physics ARTICLE Radionuclides Measurements in Some Rock Samples Collected from the Environment of Hebron Governorate -Palestine - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/West-Bank-geographical-map-and-sample-location-of-the-Hebron-region_fig1_311993953</nowiki> [accessed August 3, 2024]</ref> The Mount Nabi Yunis, situated north of the city, is the highest point in Palestine, with an altitude of 1,030&nbsp;metres (3,380&nbsp;ft).<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10457 West Bank High Point, Palestinian Authority], Peakbagger, retrieved October 14, 2012.</ref> While the Hebron Hills is southern part of the wider [[Judaean Mountains]], which spreads throughout Israel and Palestine and have an altitude of 1,026&nbsp;m (3,366&nbsp;ft).<ref name="google1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-TQpUtI-dgC&pg=PA295 |title=Encyclopedia of Prehistory: South and Southwest Asia |date=March 31, 2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780306462627 |editor=[[Peter N. Peregrine]], [[Melvin Ember]] |volume=8 |access-date=February 13, 2012}}</ref> The two larger settlements whose population exceeds 7000 sit on the hills overlooking the Hebron's eastern quarters – [[Kiryat Arba|Kirayt Arba]] and [[Givat Harsina]].<ref>https://hlrn.org/img/documents/The_Geopolical_situation_in_Hebron_HIC.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> Wadi al–Quff near Hebron is one of the largest natural reserves in Palestine.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=A Space for Nature: Wadi Al-Quff Nature Reserve {{!}} IUCN |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201805/space-nature-wadi-al-quff-nature-reserve |access-date=August 4, 2024 |website=www.iucn.org |language=en}}</ref> Located towards northeast of the city, it is surrounded by nearby towns and villages of [[Tarqumiyah|Tarqumia]], Halhoul, [[Beit Kahil|Beit Kahel]] and [[Beit Ula|Beit Ola]].<ref name=":17" /> The natural reserve covers up an area of {{Convert|3.73|km2|acre}}.<ref name=":17" /> Wadi al–Quff Natural reserve is home to some of the rare species of animals and plants.<ref name=":17" />

Hebron is located on fertile mountainous area, making the city agriculturally rich, thus giving it a strategic importance.<ref name=":13" /> This is the reason for Hebron, today being a hub for cultivation of fruits and vineyards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2024 |title=Hebron {{!}} Ancient City, Palestinian Territory {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Hebron-city-West-Bank |access-date=August 3, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The alternative sources of water network is cisterns.<ref name=":15" /> There are ten springs and three wells in the city.<ref name=":15" /> The water of springs and wells are not currently used.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":13" /> The [[Nahal Hevron|Hebron River]] (''Wadi al–Khalil''), known as ''Nahal Hebron'' in Hebrew located along the region of [[Judea]] and [[Negev]], is one of the water sources for the city.<ref name="Eco">{{cite web |url=https://old.ecopeaceme.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Community_Based_Problem_Solving_Nov_2016_Final.pdf |title=Advancing Sanitation Solutions and Reuse in the Hebron Stream: Shared Waters / Geographic Description |work=Community Based Problem Solving on Water Issues: Cross-border "Priority Initiatives" of the Good Water Neighbors Project |publisher=[[EcoPeace Middle East]] |editor-last= |editor-first= |volume=November, 2016 |location=Amman, Bethlehem and Tel Aviv |page=29 |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> Currently the river is polluted, mainly due to the generation of waste, mostly by the industrial areas, situated on the city's east and south.<ref name="Eco" /><ref name=":13" />

=== Climate ===
The climate in Hebron is temperate and the mean year-round temperature ranges between 15 and 16° (an average of 7° in winter and 21° in summer).<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Hebron, West Bank, PS Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data |url=https://weatherandclimate.com/palestine/west-bank/hebron#google_vignette |access-date=August 3, 2024 |website=weatherandclimate.com}}</ref> Annual precipitations average around 502&nbsp;mm.<ref name=":14" /> Hebron has ''a'' Mediterranean, hot summer climate (Classification: Csa).<ref name=":14" /> The city's yearly temperature is 22.74&nbsp;°C (72.93&nbsp;°F) and it is 0.14% higher than Palestine's averages.<ref name=":14" /> It typically receives about 15.72 millimeters (0.62 inches) of precipitation and has 39.47 rainy days (10.81% of the time) annually, during January and February.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ighbareyeh |first1=Jehad M. H. |last2=Cano-Ortiz |first2=Ana |last3=E |first3=Cano |date=March 17, 2022 |title=Bioclimate of Hebron city in Palestine |url=http://transylvanianreviewjournal.com/index.php/TRAS/article/view/876 |journal=Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences |language=en |volume=63 |issue=3 |issn=2247-8310}}</ref>{{Weather box
| location = Hebron, [[Palestine]] (2007-2018)
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan high C = 11.4
| Feb high C = 13.2
| Mar high C = 16.5
| Apr high C = 20.7
| May high C = 25.0
| Jun high C = 27.5
| Jul high C = 29.2
| Aug high C = 29.4
| Sep high C = 27.8
| Oct high C = 24.4
| Nov high C = 20.0
| Dec high C = 14.9
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = 8.3
| Feb mean C = 10.0
| Mar mean C = 12.3
| Apr mean C = 15.8
| May mean C = 19.6
| Jun mean C = 22.0
| Jul mean C = 23.7
| Aug mean C = 23.9
| Sep mean C = 22.1
| Oct mean C = 19.5
| Nov mean C = 14.8
| Dec mean C = 10.7
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = 5.4
| Feb low C = 6.6
| Mar low C = 8.6
| Apr low C = 11.4
| May low C = 15.3
| Jun low C = 17.5
| Jul low C = 19.2
| Aug low C = 19.6
| Sep low C = 17.8
| Oct low C = 15.9
| Nov low C = 11.3
| Dec low C = 7.0
| year low C = 
| Jan record high C = 24.5
| Feb record high C = 25.0
| Mar record high C = 31.0
| Apr record high C = 34.0
| May record high C = 36.0
| Jun record high C = 37.6
| Jul record high C = 36.8
| Aug record high C = 39.0
| Sep record high C = 36.0
| Oct record high C = 34.5
| Nov record high C = 29.5
| Dec record high C = 26.6
| Jan record low C = -3.8
| Feb record low C = -2.0
| Mar record low C = -1.0
| Apr record low C = 3.0
| May record low C = 6.6
| Jun record low C = 11.0
| Jul record low C = 14.0
| Aug record low C = 15.0
| Sep record low C = 12.0
| Oct record low C = 9.6
| Nov record low C = 4.0
| Dec record low C = -2.5
| rain color = green
| Jan rain mm = 138.2
| Feb rain mm = 108.6
| Mar rain mm = 49.9
| Apr rain mm = 15.4
| May rain mm = 4.7
| Jun rain mm = 0.0
| Jul rain mm = 0.0
| Aug rain mm = 0.0
| Sep rain mm = 1.4
| Oct rain mm = 18.8
| Nov rain mm = 40.1
| Dec rain mm = 95.1
| year rain mm = 472.0
| unit rain days = 
| Jan rain days = 10.0
| Feb rain days = 9.0
| Mar rain days = 5.2
| Apr rain days = 3.5
| May rain days = 1.3
| Jun rain days = 0.0
| Jul rain days = 0.0
| Aug rain days = 0.0
| Sep rain days = 0.7
| Oct rain days = 2.6
| Nov rain days = 5.4
| Dec rain days = 7.7
| year rain days = 
| Jan humidity = 73.0
| Feb humidity = 69.5
| Mar humidity = 63.9
| Apr humidity = 56.3
| May humidity = 52.4
| Jun humidity = 55.0
| Jul humidity = 56.5
| Aug humidity = 60.6
| Sep humidity = 68.0
| Oct humidity = 66.6
| Nov humidity = 67.8
| Dec humidity = 71.2
| year humidity = 
| Jan sun = 164.3
| Feb sun = 156.7
| Mar sun = 214.5
| Apr sun = 261.3
| May sun = 313.1
| Jun sun = 337.9
| Jul sun = 363.8
| Aug sun = 346.9
| Sep sun = 279.3
| Oct sun = 243.2
| Nov sun = 186.5
| Dec sun = 165.7
| year sun = 
| Jan percentsun = 52
| Feb percentsun = 51
| Mar percentsun = 59
| Apr percentsun = 68
| May percentsun = 74
| Jun percentsun = 80
| Jul percentsun = 85
| Aug percentsun = 85
| Sep percentsun = 77
| Oct percentsun = 70
| Nov percentsun = 60
| Dec percentsun = 53
| year percentsun = 69
| source 1 = Palestinian Meteorological Department<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.pmd.ps/en/climate-bulletin
| title = Climate Bulletin
| publisher = Palestinian Meteorological Department
| access-date = January 23, 2023
| archive-date = December 6, 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231206064919/https://www.pmd.ps/en/climate-bulletin
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| source = 
}}

=== Urban development ===
[[File:King faisal street.jpg|thumb|King Faisal Street in Hebron was named in commemoration of [[Shah Faisal]], the [[king of Saudi Arabia]] from 1964 to 1975]]
Historically, the city consisted of four densely populated quarters: the ''[[suq]]'' and ''Harat al-Masharqa'' adjacent to the [[Ibrahimi Mosque]], the Silk Merchant Quarter (''Haret Kheitun'') to the south and the Sheikh Quarter (''Haret al-Sheikh'') to the north.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Hebrón _ AcademiaLab |url=https://academia--lab-com.translate.goog/enciclopedia/hebron/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=academia--lab-com.translate.goog}}</ref> It is believed the basic urban structure of the city had been established by the Mamluk period, during which time the city also had Jewish, Christian and Kurdish quarters.<ref name="De Cesari 2009 235–236">{{harvnb|De Cesari|2009|pp=235–36}}</ref>
In the mid 19th-century, Hebron was still divided into four quarters, but the Christian quarter had disappeared.<ref name="De Cesari 2009 235–236" /> The sections included the ancient quarter surrounding the [[Cave of Machpelah]], the ''Haret Kheitun'' (the Jewish Quarter, ''Haret el-Yahud''), the ''Haret el-Sheikh'' and the [[Druze]] Quarter.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">[https://archive.org/details/journaladeputat00collgoog/page/n68 <!-- pg=395 --> Journal of a deputation sent to the East by the committee of the Malta Protestant college, in 1849: containing an account of the present state of the Oriental nations, including their religion, learning, education, customs, and occupations, Volume 2], J. Nisbet and co., 1854. p. 395.</ref> As Hebron's population gradually increased, inhabitants preferred to build upwards rather than leave the safety of their neighborhoods.<ref name=":11" /> By the 1880s, better security provided by the Ottoman authorities allowed the town to expand and a new commercial center, ''Bab el-Zawiye'', emerged.<ref>{{harvnb|Büssow|2011|p=202}}</ref> As development continued, new spacious and taller structures were built to the north-west.<ref>{{harvnb|Efrat|1984|p=191}}</ref> In 1918, the town consisted of dense clusters of residential dwellings along the valley, rising onto the slopes above it.<ref name="Kedar 2000 112–113">{{harvnb|Kedar|2000|pp=112–13}}</ref> By the 1920s, the town was made up of seven quarters: ''el-Sheikh'' and ''Bab el-Zawiye'' to the west, ''el-Kazzazin'', ''el-Akkabi'' and ''el-Haram'' in the center, ''el-Musharika'' to the south and ''el-Kheitun'' in the east.<ref>{{harvnb|Brill|1993|p=887}}</ref> Urban sprawl had spread onto the surrounding hills by 1945.<ref name="Kedar 2000 112–113" /> 
[[File:سماء الخليل.jpg|thumb|Sunset in the sky of Hebron Ras al-Jura|left]]
The large population increase under Jordanian rule resulted in about 1,800 new houses being built, most of them along the [[Jerusalem Road 21|Hebron-Jerusalem highway]], stretching northwards for over {{convert|3|mi|0|abbr=out}} at a depth of 600&nbsp;ft (200m) either way. Some 500 houses were built elsewhere on surrounding rural land. There was less development to the south-east, where housing units extended along the valley for about 1 mile (1.5&nbsp;km).<ref name="Efrat 1984 192" /> In 1971, with the assistance of the Israeli and Jordanian governments, the [[Hebron University]], an Islamic university, was founded.<ref>[http://www.hebron.edu/en/about-hu/hu-founder.html About Founder of Hebron University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016234433/http://www.hebron.edu/en/about-hu/hu-founder.html |date=October 16, 2012}}, Hebron University, 2010–2011.</ref><ref>''A ghetto state of ghettos: Palestinians under Israeli citizenship'', Mary Boger, City University of New York. Sociology – 2008. p. 93: "The development of the Islamic Movement in Israel owes much to the Israeli and Jordanian governments who collaborated to establish an Islamic University in al-Khalil (Hebron), headed by Shaykh Muhammad Ali al-Ja'bari a prominent anti-PLO leader who served as minister in Jordan and in the internal circle of kings Abd-allah and Husayn, who are known to have befriended the Israeli occupation."</ref> In an attempt to enhance the view of the [[Ibrahimi Mosque|Ibrahami Mosque]], Jordan demolished whole blocks of ancient houses opposite its entrance, which also resulted in improved access to the historic site.<ref>{{harvnb|Ricca|2007|p=177}}</ref> The Jordanians also demolished the old synagog located in the el-Kazzazin Quarter. In 1976, Israel recovered the site, which had been converted into an animal pen, and by 1989, a settler courtyard had been established there.<ref>{{harvnb|Auerbach|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUqc8snyZUC&pg=PA79 79]}}</ref>

Today, the area along the north–south axis to the east comprises the modern city of Hebron (also called Upper Hebron, ''Khalil Foq'').<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2018 |title=The Hebron most don't see |url=https://www.jpost.com/in-jerusalem/the-hebron-most-dont-see-565554 |access-date=August 1, 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref> It was established towards the end of the Ottoman period, its inhabitants being upper and middle class Hebronites who moved there from the crowded old city, ''Balde al-Qadime'' (also called Lower Hebron, ''Khalil Takht'').<ref name="De Cesari 2009 230–233">{{harvnb|De Cesari|2009|pp=230–33}}</ref> The northern part of Upper Hebron includes some up-scale residential districts and also houses the Hebron University, private hospitals and the only two luxury hotels in the city.<ref name=":12" /> The main commercial artery of the city is located here, situated along the [[Jerusalem Road 20|Jerusalem Road]], and includes modern multi-storey shopping malls.<ref name=":12" /> Also in this area are villas and apartment complexes built on the ''krum'', rural lands and vineyards, which used to function as recreation areas during the summer months until the early Jordanian period.<ref name="De Cesari 2009 230–233" /> The southern part is where the working-class neighborhoods are located, along with large industrial zones and the [[Palestine Polytechnic University|Hebron Polytechnic University]].<ref name="De Cesari 2009 230–233" /> The main municipal and governmental buildings are located in the center of the city.<ref name=":12" /> This area includes high-rise concrete and glass developments and also some distinct Ottoman era one-storey family houses, adorned with arched entrances, decorative motifs and ironwork. Hebron's domestic appliance and textile markets are located here along two parallel roads that lead to the entrance of the old city.<ref name="De Cesari 2009 230–233" /> Many of these have been relocated from the old commercial center of the city, known as the vegetable market (''hesbe''), which was closed down by the Israeli military during the 1990s.<ref name=":12" /> The vegetable market is now located in the square of ''Bab el-Zawiye''.<ref name="De Cesari 2009 230–233" />

{{Panorama
| image = Hebron city banner.JPG
| height = 150
| caption = Panoramic view of residential area of Hebron
}}