Editing History of logic (section)

===Prehistory of logic===
Valid reasoning has been employed in all periods of human history. However, logic studies the ''principles'' of valid reasoning, inference and demonstration. It is probable that the idea of demonstrating a conclusion first arose in connection with [[geometry]], which originally meant the same as "land measurement".<ref>Kneale, p. 2</ref> The [[ancient Egypt]]ians discovered [[Egyptian mathematics|geometry]], including the formula for the volume of a [[Frustum|truncated pyramid]].<ref name="Kneale3">Kneale p. 3</ref> [[Babylonian mathematics|Ancient Babylon]] was also skilled in mathematics. [[Esagil-kin-apli]]'s medical ''Diagnostic Handbook'' in the 11th century BC was based on a logical set of [[axiom]]s and assumptions,<ref name="Stol-99">H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004), ''Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine'', p. 99, [[Brill Publishers]], {{ISBN|90-04-13666-5}}.</ref> while [[Babylonian astronomy|Babylonian astronomers]] in the 8th and 7th centuries BC employed an [[internal logic]] within their predictive planetary systems, an important contribution to the [[philosophy of science]].<ref name="Brown">D. Brown (2000), ''Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology '', Styx Publications, {{ISBN|90-5693-036-2}}.</ref>