Editing Ho-Chunk language (section)

===== Instrumental prefixes =====
Ho-Chunk has a set of instrumental prefixes which indicate that an action is accomplished by means of some instrument, force, or special type of instrumental movement.  These prefixes are translated into English with such phrases as 'by foot', 'by hand', or 'by striking'. Some sources list eight instrumental prefixes in Ho-Chunk,<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/tp/id/28275|title=Winnebago Grammar :: Turning Points in Wisconsin History|website=content.wisconsinhistory.org|access-date=2016-04-29}}</ref> while others recognize a ninth ''nąą''- 'by internal force' (phonologically identical to ''nąą''- 'by foot').<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hoocąk Hit'ekjawi!|last1=Garvin|first1=Cecil|last2=Hartmann|first2=Iren|publisher=Ho-Chunk Nation|year=2006|location=Mauston, WI}}</ref><ref>Hartmann, Iren (2012). Valency classes in Hoocąk (Siouan). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzing, Germany</ref> These prefixes are listed first with their English translation, then paired with a stem ''wax'' 'to break, cut or sever a string-like object':
{| class="wikitable"
|+Instrumental prefixes
!
!Instrumental prefix
!English translation
|-
! rowspan="4" |Inner
|''gi-''
|'by striking'
|-
|''ra-''
|'with the mouth, with the teeth'
|-
|''ru-''
|'by hand'
|-
|''wa-''
|'by pressure, by pushing'
|-
! rowspan="5" |Outer
|''boo-''
|'by shooting, by blowing, by force'
|-
|''mąą-''
|'by cutting'
|-
|''nąą(1)-''
|'by foot'
|-
|''nąą(2)-''
|'by internal force'
|-
|''taa-''
|'by extreme temperature'
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Instrumental prefixes paired with stem ''wax''
!Ho-Chunk verb
!English translation
|-
|''giwax''
|'break string in two by striking'
|-
|''rawax''
|'bite string in two'
|-
|''ruwax''
|'break string in two by pulling'
|-
|''wawax''
|'break string by downward pressure'
|-
|''boowax''
|'shoot string in two'
|-
|''mąąwax''
|'cut string in two'
|-
|''nąąwax''
|'break string in two by foot'
|-
|''nąąwax''
|'string breaks of own accord'
|-
|''taawax''
|'string is burned in two'
|}
The instrumental prefixes are identified as 'Inner' or 'Outer' due to their position relative to other prefixes attaching to the verb stem.  Inner prefixes are closer to the verb stem, while outer prefixes are farther away on the left edge of the word.  Instrumental prefixes are found in all Siouan languages,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://csd.clld.org/|title=Comparative Siouan Dictionary -|website=csd.clld.org|access-date=2016-04-29}}</ref> and it is theorized that outer instrumentals originated as nouns or [[Nominalization|nominalized]] stems.<ref>Rankin, Robert L. 2008. Instrumental prefixes in the Siouan Languages. Paper presented at the 3rd Workshop on Comparative Siouan Syntax in conjunction with the 28th Siouan and Caddoan Languages Conference. Missouri Southern State University, Joplin MO.</ref>