Editing Insular cortex (section)

===Salience===
[[Functional neuroimaging]] research suggests the insula is involved in two types of [[Salience (neuroscience)|salience]]. Interoceptive information processing that links interoception with emotional salience to generate a subjective representation of the body. This involves, first, the anterior insular cortex with the [[Anterior cingulate cortex|pregenual anterior cingulate cortex]] ([[Brodmann area 33]]) and the anterior and [[posterior cingulate cortex|posterior mid-cingulate cortices]], and, second, a general [[salience network]] concerned with environmental monitoring, response selection, and skeletomotor body orientation that involves all of the insular cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor KS, Seminowicz DA, Davis KD |title=Two systems of resting state connectivity between the insula and cingulate cortex |journal=Hum Brain Mapp |volume=30 |issue=9 |pages=2731–45 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19072897 |doi=10.1002/hbm.20705|pmc=6871122 |s2cid=12917288 }}</ref> A related idea is that the anterior insula, as part of the salience network, interacts with the mid-posterior insula to combine salient stimuli with autonomic information, leading to a high state of physiological awareness of salient stimuli.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Menon|first1=Vinod|last2=Uddin|first2=Lucina Q.|date=2010-05-29|title=Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0262-0|journal=Brain Structure and Function|volume=214|issue=5–6|pages=655–667|doi=10.1007/s00429-010-0262-0|pmid=20512370 |pmc=2899886 |issn=1863-2653}}</ref>

An alternative or perhaps complementary proposal is that the right anterior insular regulates the interaction between the salience of the [[selective attention]] created to achieve a task (the dorsal attention system) and the salience of [[arousal]] created to keep focused upon the relevant part of the environment (ventral attention system).<ref name="Eckert">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eckert MA, Menon V, Walczak A, Ahlstrom J, Denslow S, Horwitz A, Dubno JR | year = 2009 | title = At the heart of the ventral attention system: the right anterior insula | journal = Hum. Brain Mapp. | volume = 30 | issue = 8| pages = 2530–41 | doi = 10.1002/hbm.20688 | pmid = 19072895 | pmc=2712290}}</ref> This regulation of salience might be particularly important during challenging tasks where attention might [[Fatigue (safety)|fatigue]] and so cause careless mistakes but if there is too much arousal it risks creating poor performance by turning into [[anxiety]].<ref name="Eckert"/>