Editing Integral fast reactor (section)

===Carbon dioxide===
{{Main|Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources}}
Both IFRs and LWRs do not emit [[Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] during operation, although construction and fuel processing result in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (if via energy sources which are not carbon neutral, such as fossil fuels) and CO<sub>2</sub>-emitting cements are used in the construction process.

A 2012 [[Yale University]] review analyzing {{CO2}} [[life cycle assessment]] (LCA) emissions from [[nuclear power]] determined that:<ref name="Warner + Heath, JoIE">Warner, Ethan S.; Heath, Garvin A. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00472.x/full Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nuclear Electricity Generation: Systematic Review and Harmonization], ''Journal of Industrial Ecology'', [[Yale University]], published online April 17, 2012, {{doi|10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00472.x}}</ref>
{{Quote|The collective LCA literature indicates that life cycle [[Greenhouse gas|GHG]] [greenhouse gas] emissions from nuclear power are only a fraction of traditional fossil sources and comparable to renewable technologies.}}

Although the paper primarily dealt with data from [[Generation II reactor]]s, and did not analyze the {{CO2}} emissions by 2050 of the [[Generation III reactor]]s presently under construction, it did summarize the LCA findings of in-development reactor technologies:

{{Quote|Theoretical FBRs {{bracket|[[fast breeder reactor]]s}} have been evaluated in the LCA literature. The limited literature that evaluates this potential future technology reports [[median]] life cycle GHG emissions... similar to or lower than LWRs {{bracket|[[light water reactor]]s}} and purports to consume little or no [[uranium market|uranium ore]].}}

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