Editing Intelligence (section)

== Further reading ==
* [[James Gleick|Gleick, James]], "The Fate of Free Will" (review of [[Kevin J. Mitchell]], ''Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will'', Princeton University Press, 2023, 333 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXXI, no. 1 (18 January 2024), pp. 27–28, 30. "[[Agency (philosophy)|Agency]] is what distinguishes us from machines. For biological creatures, [[reason]] and [[motivation|purpose]] come from acting in the world and experiencing the consequences. Artificial intelligences – disembodied, strangers to blood, sweat, and tears – have no occasion for that." (p. 30.) 
* [[Kenna Hughes-Castleberry|Hughes-Castleberry, Kenna]], "A Murder Mystery Puzzle: The literary puzzle ''[[Cain's Jawbone]]'', which has stumped humans for decades, reveals the limitations of natural-language-processing algorithms", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), pp.&nbsp;81–82. "This murder mystery competition has revealed that although NLP ([[natural-language processing]]) models are capable of incredible feats, their abilities are very much limited by the amount of [[context (linguistics)|context]] they receive. This [...] could cause [difficulties] for researchers who hope to use them to do things such as analyze [[ancient language]]s. In some cases, there are few historical records on long-gone [[civilization]]s to serve as [[training data]] for such a purpose." (p.&nbsp;82.)
* [[Daniel Immerwahr|Immerwahr, Daniel]], "Your Lying Eyes: People now use A.I. to generate fake videos indistinguishable from real ones. How much does it matter?", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 20 November 2023, pp.&nbsp;54–59. "If by '[[deepfakes]]' we mean realistic videos produced using artificial intelligence that actually deceive people, then they barely exist. The fakes aren't deep, and the deeps aren't fake. [...] A.I.-generated videos are not, in general, operating in our media as counterfeited evidence. Their role better resembles that of [[cartoon]]s, especially smutty ones." (p.&nbsp;59.)
* [[Eyal Press|Press, Eyal]], "In Front of Their Faces: Does facial-recognition technology lead police to ignore contradictory evidence?", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 20 November 2023, pp.&nbsp;20–26.
* [[Eka Roivainen|Roivainen, Eka]], "AI's IQ: [[ChatGPT]] aced a [standard intelligence] test but showed that intelligence cannot be measured by [[IQ]] alone", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 329, no. 1 (July/August 2023), p.&nbsp;7. "Despite its high IQ, [[ChatGPT]] fails at tasks that require real humanlike reasoning or an understanding of the physical and social world.... ChatGPT seemed unable to reason logically and tried to rely on its vast database of... facts derived from online texts."
* [[Kenneth Cukier|Cukier, Kenneth]], "Ready for Robots? How to Think about the Future of AI", ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', vol. 98, no. 4 (July/August 2019), pp.&nbsp;192–98. [[George Dyson (science historian)|George Dyson]], historian of computing, writes (in what might be called "Dyson's Law") that "Any system simple enough to be understandable will not be complicated enough to behave intelligently, while any system complicated enough to behave intelligently will be too complicated to understand." (p.&nbsp;197.) Computer scientist [[Alex Pentland]] writes: "Current [[machine learning|AI machine-learning]] [[algorithm]]s are, at their core, dead simple stupid. They work, but they work by brute force." (p.&nbsp;198.)
* [[Pedro Domingos|Domingos, Pedro]], "Our Digital Doubles: AI will serve our species, not control it", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 319, no. 3 (September 2018), pp.&nbsp;88–93. "AIs are like [[autistic savant]]s and will remain so for the foreseeable future.... AIs lack [[common sense]] and can easily make errors that a human never would... They are also liable to take our instructions too literally, giving us precisely what we asked for instead of what we actually wanted." (p.&nbsp;93.)
* [[Gary Marcus|Marcus, Gary]], "Am I Human?: Researchers need new ways to distinguish artificial intelligence from the natural kind", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 316, no. 3 (March 2017), pp.&nbsp;61–63. Marcus points out a so far insuperable stumbling block to artificial intelligence: an incapacity for reliable [[disambiguation]]. "[V]irtually every sentence [that people generate] is [[ambiguity|ambiguous]], often in multiple ways. Our brain is so good at comprehending [[language]] that we do not usually notice." A prominent example is the "pronoun disambiguation problem" ("PDP"): a machine has no way of determining to whom or what a [[pronoun]] in a sentence—such as "he", "she" or "it"—refers.
* {{cite book |title=The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence |editor1-last=Sternberg |editor1-first=Robert J. |editor1-link=Robert Sternberg |editor2-last=Kaufman |editor2-first=Scott Barry |year=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0521739115 |doi=10.1017/9781108770422|s2cid=241027150 }}
* {{Cite book |title=IQ and Human Intelligence |last=Mackintosh |first=N. J. |author-link=Nicholas Mackintosh |year=2011 |edition=second |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-958559-5}}
* {{Cite book |author=Flynn, James R. |title=What Is Intelligence: Beyond the Flynn Effect |edition=expanded paperback |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-74147-7 |year=2009}}
** {{lay source |template=cite web |author=C Shalizi |date=27 April 2009 |title=What Is Intelligence? Beyond the Flynn Effect |type=Review |url=http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/reviews/flynn-beyond/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614141825/http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/reviews/flynn-beyond/ |archive-date=2010-06-14 |website=University of Michigan}}
* {{cite book |title=What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought |last=Stanovich |first=Keith |year=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven (CT) |isbn=978-0-300-12385-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/whatintelligence00stan }}
** {{lay source |template=cite web |author=Jamie Hale |title=What Intelligence Tests Miss |type=Review |website=Psych Central |url=http://psychcentral.com/lib/what-intelligence-tests-miss/0005083 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224083741/http://psychcentral.com/lib/what-intelligence-tests-miss/0005083 |archive-date=2013-12-24}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Blakeslee, Sandra |author2-link=Jeff Hawkins |author2=Hawkins, Jeff |title=On intelligence |publisher=Times Books |location=New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8050-7456-7 |oclc=55510125 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/onintelligence0000hawk }}
* {{cite book |title=The Nature of Intelligence |editor1-last=Bock |editor1-first=Gregory |editor2-last=Goode |editor2-first=Jamie |editor3-last=Webb |editor3-first=Kate |location=Chichester |publisher=Wiley |series=Novartis Foundation Symposium 233 |year=2000 |volume=233 |isbn=978-0471494348 |doi=10.1002/0470870850}}
** {{lay source |template=cite web |author=William D. Casebeer |date=November 30, 2001 |title=The Nature of Intelligence |type=Review |website=Mental Help |url=http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?id=851&type=book&cn=21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526234853/http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?id=851&type=book&cn=21 |archive-date=2013-05-26}}
* {{cite book |title=Handbook of Intelligence |editor-last=Wolman |editor-first=Benjamin B. |others=consulting editors: Douglas K. Detterman, Alan S. Kaufman, Joseph D. Matarazzo |year=1985 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=978-0-471-89738-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofintell0000wolm }}
* {{cite book |title=Measuring intelligence: A guide to the administration of the new revised Stanford-Binet tests of intelligence |last1=Terman |first1=Lewis Madison |last2=Merrill |first2=Maude A. |author-link1=Lewis Terman |year=1937 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston (MA) |series=Riverside textbooks in education |oclc=964301 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Binet |first1=Alfred |last2=Simon |first2=Th. |author-link1=Alfred Binet |title=The development of intelligence in children: The Binet-Simon Scale |others=E. S. Kite (Trans.) |location=Baltimore |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |year=1916 |series=Publications of the Training School at Vineland New Jersey Department of Research No. 11 |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofint00binerich |page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentofint00binerich/page/n206 1] |access-date=18 July 2010 }}