Editing July Monarchy (section)

=== First Soult government ===
Louis-Philippe called a trusted man, [[Marshal Soult]], to the Presidency of the Council in October 1832. {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no}} was supported by a triumvirate composed of the main politicians of that time: [[Adolphe Thiers]], the {{lang|fr|[[duc de Broglie]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|fr|[[François Guizot]]|italic=no}}. The conservative {{lang|fr|[[Journal des débats]]}} spoke of a "coalition of all talents",<ref>{{langx|fr|coalition de tous les talents}}</ref> while the King of the French would eventually speak, with obvious disappointment, of a "{{lang|fr|Casimir Périer|italic=no}} in three persons". In a circular addressed to the high civil-servants and military officers, the new President of the Council, {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no}}, stated that he would explicitly follow the policies of {{lang|fr|Périer|italic=no}} ("order at home", "peace abroad") and denounced both the Legitimist right-wing opposition and the Republican left-wing opposition.

The new Minister of Interior, {{lang|fr|[[Adolphe Thiers]]|italic=no}}, had his first success on 7 November 1832 with the arrest in {{lang|fr|Nantes|italic=no}} of the rebellious Duchess of Berry, who was detained in the citadel of {{lang|fr|[[Blaye]]|italic=no}}. The duchess was then expelled to [[Palermo]] in the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] on 8 June 1833.

The opening of the parliamentary session on 19 November 1832, was a success for the regime. The governmental candidate, {{lang|fr|[[André Dupin]]|italic=no}}, was easily elected on the first round as President of the Chamber, with 234 votes against 136 for the candidate of the opposition, {{lang|fr|Jacques Laffitte|italic=no}}.

In Belgium, [[Marshal Gérard|Marshal {{lang|fr|Gérard|italic=no|nocat=y}}]] assisted the young Belgian monarchy with 70,000 men, taking back the citadel of [[Antwerp]], which capitulated on 23 December 1832.

Strengthened by these recent successes, {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} initiated two visits to the provinces, first into the north to meet with the victorious Marshal {{lang|fr|Gérard|italic=no}} and his men, and then into [[Normandy]], where Legitimist troubles continued, from August to September 1833. In order to conciliate public opinion, the members of the new government took some popular measures, such as a program of [[public work]]s, leading to the completion of the {{lang|fr|[[Arc de Triomphe]]|italic=no}} in Paris, and the re-establishment, on 21 June 1833, of [[Napoleon I]]'s statue on the {{lang|fr|[[Colonne Vendôme]]|italic=no}}. The [[List of Education Ministers of France|Minister of Public Instruction and Cults]], {{lang|fr|[[François Guizot]]|italic=no}}, had the famous [[Guizot Act|law on primary education]] passed in June 1833, leading to the creation of an elementary school in each [[communes of France|commune]].

Finally, a ministerial change was enacted after the Duke {{lang|fr|de Broglie|italic=no}}'s resignation on 1 April 1834. {{lang|fr|Broglie|italic=no}} had found himself in a minority in the Chamber concerning the ratification of a treaty signed with the United States in 1831. This was a source of satisfaction for the king, as it removed from the triumvirate the individual he disliked the most.

==== April 1834 insurrections ====
The ministerial change coincided with the return of violent unrest in various cities of France. At the end of February 1834, a new law that subjected the activities of [[town crier]]s to public authorization led to several days of confrontations with the police. Furthermore, the 10 April 1834 law, primarily aimed against the Republican [[Society of the Rights of Man]] ({{lang|fr| Société des Droits de l'Homme}}), envisioned a crack-down on non-authorized associations. On 9 April 1834, when the Chamber of Peers was to vote on the law, the Second [[Canut Revolt]] exploded in Lyon. The Minister of the Interior, {{lang|fr|Adolphe Thiers|italic=no}}, decided to abandon the city to the insurgents, taking it back on 13 April with casualties of 100 to 200 dead on both sides.

[[File:Rue Transnonain, le 15 Avril 1834.tif|thumb|right|300px|The massacre of the {{lang|fr|rue Transnonain|italic=no}}, Paris, on 14 April 1834, depicted by the caricaturist {{lang|fr|[[Honoré Daumier]]|italic=no}}]]
The Republicans attempted to spread the insurrection to other cities, but failed in {{lang|fr|[[Marseille]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|[[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|[[Poitiers]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|fr|[[Châlons-sur-Marne]]|italic= no}}. More serious Republican threats developed in {{lang|fr|[[Grenoble]]|italic=no}} and especially in {{lang|fr|[[Saint-Étienne]]|italic=no}} on 11 April, but finally public order was restored. The greater danger to the regime was, as often, in Paris. Expecting trouble, {{lang|fr|Thiers|italic=no}} had concentrated 40,000 men there, who were visited by the king on 10 April. Furthermore, {{lang|fr|Thiers|italic=no}} had made [[preventive detention| "preventive arrests"]] of 150 principal [[leader]]s of the Society of the Rights of Man and outlawed its mouthpiece, {{lang|fr|[[La Tribune des départements]]|italic=yes}}. Despite these measures, barricades were set up in the evening of 13 April 1834, leading to harsh repression, including a massacre of all the inhabitants (men, women, children and old people) of a house from where a shot had been fired.  This incident was immortalized in a lithograph by {{lang|fr|[[Honoré Daumier]]|italic=no}}.

To express their support for the monarchy, both Chambers gathered in the [[Palace of the Tuileries]] on 14 April. In a gesture of appeasement, {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} canceled his feast-day celebration on 1 May, and publicly announced that the sums that were to have been used for these festivities would be dedicated to the orphans, widows and injured. In the same time, he ordered Marshal {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no}} to publicize these events widely across France (the provinces being more conservative than Paris), to convince them of the "necessary increase in the Army".<ref>{{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} to {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no}}, 17 April 1834, quoted by {{harvnb|Antonetti|2002|p=723}}</ref>

More than 2,000 arrests were made following the riots, in particular in Paris and Lyon. The cases were referred to the Chamber of Peers, which, in accordance with art. 28 of the Charter of 1830, dealt with cases of conspiracy against state security ({{langx|fr|attentat contre la sûreté de l'État}}). The Republican movement was decapitated, so much that even the funeral of {{lang|fr|La Fayette|italic=no}} (died 20 May 1834), passed with little incident. As early as 13 May the Chamber of Deputies voted a credit of 14&nbsp;million in order to increase the army to 360,000 men. Two days later, they also adopted a very repressive law on detention and use of military weapons.

==== Legislative elections of 1834 ====
{{further|French legislative election, 1834}}
Louis-Philippe decided to seize the opportunity of dissolving the Chamber and organizing [[1834 French legislative election |new elections]], which were held on 21 June 1834. However, the results were not as favorable to him as expected: although the Republicans were almost eliminated, the Opposition retained around 150 seats (approximately 30 Legitimists, the rest being followers of {{lang|fr|[[Odilon Barrot]]|italic=no}}, who was an {{lang|fr|Orléanist|italic=no}} supporter of the regime, but headed the {{lang|fr|Parti du mouvement}}). Furthermore, in the ranks of the majority itself, composed of about 300 deputies, a new faction, the {{lang|fr|Tiers-Parti}}, led by {{lang|fr|[[André Dupin]]|italic=no}}, could on some occasions defect from the majority and give its votes to the Left. On 31 July the new Chamber re-elected {{lang|fr|Dupin|italic=no}} as President of the Chamber with 247 votes against 33 for {{lang|fr|[[Jacques Laffitte]]|italic=no}} and 24 for {{lang|fr|[[Pierre-Paul Royer-Collard]]|italic=no}}. Furthermore, a large majority (256 against 39) voted an ambiguous address to the king which, although polite, did not abstain from criticizing him. The latter immediately decided, on 16 August 1834, to prorogue Parliament until the end of the year.