Editing Life expectancy (section)

===Mental illness===
Mental illness is reported to occur in approximately 18% of the average American population.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Bekiempis V|url=http://www.newsweek.com/nearly-1-5-americans-suffer-mental-illness-each-year-230608|title=Nearly 1 in 5 Americans Suffers From Mental Illness Each Year|website=[[Newsweek]]|date=28 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, Silove D|title=The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980–2013|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|volume=43|issue=2|pages=476–493|date=April 2014|pmid=24648481|pmc=3997379|doi=10.1093/ije/dyu038}}</ref>

[[File: Smi graph by Mark.png|thumb|Life expectancy in the seriously mentally ill is much shorter than the general population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Morbidity and Mortality in People With Serious Mental Illness|year=2006|publisher=National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors|url=https://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/Mortality%20and%20Morbidity%20Final%20Report%208.18.08.pdf}}</ref>]]

The mentally ill have been shown to have a 10- to 25-year reduction in life expectancy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2018/05/30/upshot/mental-illness-health-disparity-longevity.html|title=The Largest Health Disparity We Don't Talk About|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2018-05-30|vauthors=Khullar D}}</ref> Generally, the reduction of lifespan in the mentally ill population compared to the mentally stable population has been studied and documented.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wahlbeck K, Westman J, Nordentoft M, Gissler M, Laursen TM|title=Outcomes of Nordic mental health systems: life expectancy of patients with mental disorders|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|volume=199|issue=6|pages=453–458|date=December 2011|pmid=21593516|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085100|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Reininghaus U, Dutta R, Dazzan P, Doody GA, Fearon P, Lappin J, Heslin M, Onyejiaka A, Donoghue K, Lomas B, Kirkbride JB, Murray RM, Croudace T, Morgan C, Jones PB|title=Mortality in schizophrenia and other psychoses: a 10-year follow-up of the ӔSOP first-episode cohort|journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin|volume=41|issue=3|pages=664–673|date=May 2015|pmid=25262443|pmc=4393685|doi=10.1093/schbul/sbu138}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Vestergaard M|title=Life expectancy and cardiovascular mortality in persons with schizophrenia|journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|volume=25|issue=2|pages=83–88|date=March 2012|pmid=22249081|doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835035ca|s2cid=13646442}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/861159|title=Antipsychotics Linked to Mortality in Parkinson's|website=Medscape|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rosenbaum L|title=Closing the Mortality Gap – Mental Illness and Medical Care|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=375|issue=16|pages=1585–1589|date=October 2016|pmid=27797313|doi=10.1056/NEJMms1610125}}</ref>

The greater mortality of people with mental disorders may be due to death from injury, from [[co-morbid]] conditions, or medication side effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/inquest-told-there-was-a-lost-opportunity-to-treat-mental-health-patient-who-died-following-severe-constipation-1-5244246|title=Inquest told there was a "lost opportunity" to treat mental health patient who died following severe constipation|access-date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409015423/https://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/inquest-told-there-was-a-lost-opportunity-to-treat-mental-health-patient-who-died-following-severe-constipation-1-5244246|url-status=dead}}</ref> For instance, psychiatric medications can increase the risk of developing [[Olanzapine#Metabolic effects|diabetes]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kumar PN, Thomas B|title=Hyperglycemia associated with olanzapine treatment|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=53|issue=2|pages=176–177|date=April 2011|pmid=21772658|pmc=3136028|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.82562|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/business/06zyprexa.html|title=Lilly Adds Strong Warning Label to Zyprexa, a Schizophrenia Drug|date=6 October 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RDZdDW0EqEC&q=zyprexa%20increase%20the%20chance%20of%20developing%20the%20disease%20of%20diabetes&pg=PA17|title=Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome|vauthors=Codario RA|date=28 October 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59259-932-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/863871|title=Antipsychotic-Related Metabolic Testing Falls Far Short|publisher=MedScape|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> It has been shown that the psychiatric medication [[olanzapine]] can increase risk of developing [[agranulocytosis]], among other comorbidities.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Alvir JM, Lieberman JA, Safferman AZ, Schwimmer JL, Schaaf JA|title=Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Incidence and risk factors in the United States|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=329|issue=3|pages=162–167|date=July 1993|pmid=8515788|doi=10.1056/NEJM199307153290303|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/020592s057,021086s036,021253s045lbl.pdf|title=Zyprexa Prescribing Information|date=2010|website=U.S. Food Drug and Administration}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Psychiatric medicines also affect the [[gastrointestinal tract]]; the mentally ill have a four times risk of gastrointestinal disease.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Philpott HL, Nandurkar S, Lubel J, Gibson PR|title=Drug-induced gastrointestinal disorders|journal=Frontline Gastroenterology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=49–57|date=January 2014|pmid=28839751|pmc=5369702|doi=10.1136/flgastro-2013-100316}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rege S, Lafferty T|title=Life-threatening constipation associated with clozapine|journal=Australasian Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=3|pages=216–219|date=June 2008|pmid=18568631|doi=10.1080/10398560701882203|s2cid=32093594}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hibbard KR, Propst A, Frank DE, Wyse J|title=Fatalities associated with clozapine-related constipation and bowel obstruction: a literature review and two case reports|journal=Psychosomatics|volume=50|issue=4|pages=416–419|year=2009|pmid=19687183|doi=10.1176/appi.psy.50.4.416|doi-access=free}}</ref>

As of 2020 and the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, researchers have found an increased risk of death in the mentally ill.<ref name="pmid33502436">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nemani K, Li C, Olfson M, Blessing EM, Razavian N, Chen J, Petkova E, Goff DC|title=Association of Psychiatric Disorders With Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19|journal=JAMA Psychiatry|volume=78|issue=4|pages=380–386|date=April 2021|pmid=33502436|pmc=7841576|doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4442}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang Q, Xu R, Volkow ND|title=Increased risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality in people with mental disorders: analysis from electronic health records in the United States|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=20|issue=1|pages=124–130|date=February 2021|pmid=33026219|pmc=7675495|doi=10.1002/wps.20806}}</ref><ref name="pmid32997123">{{cite journal|vauthors=Li L, Li F, Fortunati F, Krystal JH|title=Association of a Prior Psychiatric Diagnosis With Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection|journal=JAMA Network Open|volume=3|issue=9|pages=e2023282|date=September 2020|pmid=32997123|pmc=7527869|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23282}}</ref>