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Liquid rocket propellant
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===Bipropellants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" ! rowspan=3 | Oxidizer ! rowspan=3 | Fuel ! rowspan=3 | Comment ! colspan=10 style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | Optimal expansion from 68.05 atm to{{citation needed|reason=Table values need a source|date=April 2016}} |- ! colspan=5 style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1 atm ! colspan=5 | 0 atm, vacuum <br />(nozzle area ratio 40:1) |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" ! style="text-align:right;" | ''V''<sub>e</sub> ! style="text-align:right;" | ''r'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''T''<sub>c</sub> ! style="text-align:right;" | ''d'' ! style="border-right:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''C*'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''V''<sub>e</sub> ! style="text-align:right;" | ''r'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''T''<sub>c</sub> ! style="text-align:right;" | ''d'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''C*'' |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=10 | [[LOX]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[liquid hydrogen|{{chem|H|2}}]] | style="text-align:left;" |''Hydrolox.'' Common. | 3816 | 4.13 | 2740 | 0.29 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2416 | 4462 | 4.83 | 2978 | 0.32 | 2386 |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{chem|H|2|}}:[[beryllium|Be]] 49:51 || | 4498 | 0.87 | 2558 | 0.23 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2833 | 5295 | 0.91 | 2589 | 0.24 | 2850 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[methane|{{chem|C|H|4}}]] (methane) | style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Methalox]]''. Many [[liquid methane|engines]] under development in the 2010s. | 3034 | 3.21 | 3260 | 0.82 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1857 | 3615 | 3.45 | 3290 | 0.83 | 1838 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[ethane|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>]] || | 3006 | 2.89 | 3320 | 0.90 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1840 | 3584 | 3.10 | 3351 | 0.91 | 1825 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[ethylene|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] || | 3053 | 2.38 | 3486 | 0.88 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1875 | 3635 | 2.59 | 3521 | 0.89 | 1855 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[RP-1]] (kerosene) | style="text-align:left;" | ''Kerolox''. Common. | 2941 | 2.58 | 3403 | 1.03 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1799 | 3510 | 2.77 | 3428 | 1.03 | 1783 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] || | 3065 | 0.92 | 3132 | 1.07 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1892 | 3460 | 0.98 | 3146 | 1.07 | 1878 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[pentaborane(9)|B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub>]] || | 3124 | 2.12 | 3834 | 0.92 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1895 | 3758 | 2.16 | 3863 | 0.92 | 1894 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[diborane|B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>]] || | 3351 | 1.96 | 3489 | 0.74 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2041 | 4016 | 2.06 | 3563 | 0.75 | 2039 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | CH<sub>4</sub>:H<sub>2</sub> 92.6:7.4 | | 3126 | 3.36 | 3245 | 0.71 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1920 | 3719 | 3.63 | 3287 | 0.72 | 1897 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[oxygen|GOX]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrogen|GH<sub>2</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | Gaseous form | 3997 | 3.29 | 2576 | align="left" | β | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2550 | 4485 | 3.92 | 2862 | align="left" | β | 2519 |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=9 | [[fluorine|F<sub>2</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[liquid hydrogen|H<sub>2</sub>]] || | 4036 | 7.94 | 3689 | 0.46 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2556 | 4697 | 9.74 | 3985 | 0.52 | 2530 |- | style="text-align:left;" | H<sub>2</sub>:[[lithium|Li]] 65.2:34.0 || | 4256 | 0.96 | 1830 | 0.19 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2680 | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | H<sub>2</sub>:Li 60.7:39.3 | | | | | | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | | 5050 | 1.08 | 1974 | 0.21 | 2656 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[methane|CH<sub>4</sub>]] || | 3414 | 4.53 | 3918 | 1.03 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2068 | 4075 | 4.74 | 3933 | 1.04 | 2064 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[ethane|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>]] || | 3335 | 3.68 | 3914 | 1.09 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2019 | 3987 | 3.78 | 3923 | 1.10 | 2014 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] || | 3413 | 2.39 | 4074 | 1.24 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2063 | 4071 | 2.47 | 4091 | 1.24 | 1987 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] || | 3580 | 2.32 | 4461 | 1.31 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2219 | 4215 | 2.37 | 4468 | 1.31 | 2122 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[ammonia|NH<sub>3</sub>]] || | 3531 | 3.32 | 4337 | 1.12 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2194 | 4143 | 3.35 | 4341 | 1.12 | 2193 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[pentaborane(9)|B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub>]] | | 3502 | 5.14 | 5050 | 1.23 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2147 | 4191 | 5.58 | 5083 | 1.25 | 2140 |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=9 | [[oxygen difluoride|OF<sub>2</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[liquid hydrogen|H<sub>2</sub>]] || | 4014 | 5.92 | 3311 | 0.39 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2542 | 4679 | 7.37 | 3587 | 0.44 | 2499 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[methane|CH<sub>4</sub>]] || | 3485 | 4.94 | 4157 | 1.06 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2160 | 4131 | 5.58 | 4207 | 1.09 | 2139 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[ethane|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>]] || | 3511 | 3.87 | 4539 | 1.13 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2176 | 4137 | 3.86 | 4538 | 1.13 | 2176 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[RP-1]] | | 3424 | 3.87 | 4436 | 1.28 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2132 | 4021 | 3.85 | 4432 | 1.28 | 2130 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] || | 3427 | 2.28 | 4075 | 1.24 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2119 | 4067 | 2.58 | 4133 | 1.26 | 2106 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] || | 3381 | 1.51 | 3769 | 1.26 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2087 | 4008 | 1.65 | 3814 | 1.27 | 2081 |- | style="text-align:left;" | MMH:N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>:[[water (molecule)|H<sub>2</sub>O]] 50.5:29.8:19.7 || | 3286 | 1.75 | 3726 | 1.24 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2025 | 3908 | 1.92 | 3769 | 1.25 | 2018 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[diborane|B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>]] || | 3653 | 3.95 | 4479 | 1.01 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2244 | 4367 | 3.98 | 4486 | 1.02 | 2167 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[pentaborane(9)|B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub>]] | | 3539 | 4.16 | 4825 | 1.20 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2163 | 4239 | 4.30 | 4844 | 1.21 | 2161 |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=2 | [[fluorine|F<sub>2</sub>]]:[[oxygen|O<sub>2</sub>]] 30:70 | style="text-align:left;" | [[liquid hydrogen|H<sub>2</sub>]] || | 3871 | 4.80 | 2954 | 0.32 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2453 | 4520 | 5.70 | 3195 | 0.36 | 2417 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[RP-1]] | | 3103 | 3.01 | 3665 | 1.09 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1908 | 3697 | 3.30 | 3692 | 1.10 | 1889 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | F<sub>2</sub>:O<sub>2</sub> 70:30 | style="text-align:left;" | [[RP-1]] | | 3377 | 3.84 | 4361 | 1.20 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2106 | 3955 | 3.84 | 4361 | 1.20 | 2104 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | F<sub>2</sub>:O<sub>2</sub> 87.8:12.2 | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] | | 3525 | 2.82 | 4454 | 1.24 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2191 | 4148 | 2.83 | 4453 | 1.23 | 2186 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" ! Oxidizer ! Fuel ! Comment ! style="text-align:right;" | ''V<sub>e</sub>'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''r'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''T<sub>c</sub>'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''d'' ! style="border-right:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''C*'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''V<sub>e</sub>'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''r'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''T<sub>c</sub>'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''d'' ! style="text-align:right;" | ''C*'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:left;" | [[tetrafluorohydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[methane|CH<sub>4</sub>]] || | 3127 | 6.44 | 3705 | 1.15 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1917 | 3692 | 6.51 | 3707 | 1.15 | 1915 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[ethane|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] || | 3035 | 3.67 | 3741 | 1.13 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1844 | 3612 | 3.71 | 3743 | 1.14 | 1843 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] || | 3163 | 3.35 | 3819 | 1.32 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1928 | 3730 | 3.39 | 3823 | 1.32 | 1926 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] || | 3283 | 3.22 | 4214 | 1.38 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2059 | 3827 | 3.25 | 4216 | 1.38 | 2058 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[ammonia|NH<sub>3</sub>]] || | 3204 | 4.58 | 4062 | 1.22 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2020 | 3723 | 4.58 | 4062 | 1.22 | 2021 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[pentaborane(9)|B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub>]] | | 3259 | 7.76 | 4791 | 1.34 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1997 | 3898 | 8.31 | 4803 | 1.35 | 1992 |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=4 | [[chlorine pentafluoride|ClF<sub>5</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] || | 2962 | 2.82 | 3577 | 1.40 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1837 | 3488 | 2.83 | 3579 | 1.40 | 1837 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] || | 3069 | 2.66 | 3894 | 1.47 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1935 | 3580 | 2.71 | 3905 | 1.47 | 1934 |- | style="text-align:left;" | MMH:N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> 86:14 || | 2971 | 2.78 | 3575 | 1.41 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1844 | 3498 | 2.81 | 3579 | 1.41 | 1844 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | MMH:N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> 55:26:19 | | 2989 | 2.46 | 3717 | 1.46 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1864 | 3500 | 2.49 | 3722 | 1.46 | 1863 |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=2 | [[chlorine trifluoride|ClF<sub>3</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]]:[[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]]:[[Hydrazine_nitrate|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> ]]55:26:19 | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic | 2789 | 2.97 | 3407 | 1.42 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1739 | 3274 | 3.01 | 3413 | 1.42 | 1739 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic | 2885 | 2.81 | 3650 | 1.49 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1824 | 3356 | 2.89 | 3666 | 1.50 | 1822 |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=9 | [[dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic, common | 2827 | 2.17 | 3122 | 1.19 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1745 | 3347 | 2.37 | 3125 | 1.20 | 1724 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]]:[[beryllium|Be]] 76.6:29.4 || | 3106 | 0.99 | 3193 | 1.17 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1858 | 3720 | 1.10 | 3451 | 1.24 | 1849 |- | style="text-align:left;" | MMH:[[aluminium|Al]] 63:27 || | 2891 | 0.85 | 3294 | 1.27 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1785 | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | MMH:Al 58:42 | | | | | | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | | 3460 | 0.87 | 3450 | 1.31 | 1771 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic, common | 2862 | 1.36 | 2992 | 1.21 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1781 | 3369 | 1.42 | 2993 | 1.22 | 1770 |- | style="text-align:left;" | N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>:[[unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]] 50:50 | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic, common | 2831 | 1.98 | 3095 | 1.12 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1747 | 3349 | 2.15 | 3096 | 1.20 | 1731 |- | style="text-align:left;" | N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>:Be 80:20 || | 3209 | 0.51 | 3038 | 1.20 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1918 | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>:Be 76.6:23.4 | | | | | | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | | 3849 | 0.60 | 3230 | 1.22 | 1913 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[Pentaborane(9)|B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub>]] | | 2927 | 3.18 | 3678 | 1.11 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1782 | 3513 | 3.26 | 3706 | 1.11 | 1781 |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=2 | [[nitric oxide|NO]]:[[dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]] 25:75 | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] || | 2839 | 2.28 | 3153 | 1.17 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1753 | 3360 | 2.50 | 3158 | 1.18 | 1732 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]]:[[beryllium|Be]] 76.6:23.4 | | 2872 | 1.43 | 3023 | 1.19 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1787 | 3381 | 1.51 | 3026 | 1.20 | 1775 |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=3 | [[inhibited red fuming nitric acid|IRFNA IIIa]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]]:[[diethylenetriamine|DETA]] 60:40 | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic | 2638 | 3.26 | 2848 | 1.30 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1627 | 3123 | 3.41 | 2839 | 1.31 | 1617 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic | 2690 | 2.59 | 2849 | 1.27 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1665 | 3178 | 2.71 | 2841 | 1.28 | 1655 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]] | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic | 2668 | 3.13 | 2874 | 1.26 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1648 | 3157 | 3.31 | 2864 | 1.27 | 1634 |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=3 | [[inhibited red fuming nitric acid|IRFNA IV HDA]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]]:[[diethylenetriamine|DETA]] 60:40 | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic | 2689 | 3.06 | 2903 | 1.32 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1656 | 3187 | 3.25 | 2951 | 1.33 | 1641 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic | 2742 | 2.43 | 2953 | 1.29 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1696 | 3242 | 2.58 | 2947 | 1.31 | 1680 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]] | style="text-align:left;" | Hypergolic | 2719 | 2.95 | 2983 | 1.28 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1676 | 3220 | 3.12 | 2977 | 1.29 | 1662 |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan=4 | [[hydrogen peroxide|H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[monomethylhydrazine|MMH]] || | 2790 | 3.46 | 2720 | 1.24 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1726 | 3301 | 3.69 | 2707 | 1.24 | 1714 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] || | 2810 | 2.05 | 2651 | 1.24 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1751 | 3308 | 2.12 | 2645 | 1.25 | 1744 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]]:[[beryllium|Be]] 74.5:25.5 || | 3289 | 0.48 | 2915 | 1.21 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1943 | 3954 | 0.57 | 3098 | 1.24 | 1940 |- style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | style="text-align:left;" | [[pentaborane(9)|B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub>]] | | 3016 | 2.20 | 2667 | 1.02 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1828 | 3642 | 2.09 | 2597 | 1.01 | 1817 <!-- Hydrazine doesn't seem to be a useful rocket fuel oxidizer. Please cite your source. |- | rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | [[hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]] | style="text-align:left;" | [[diborane|B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>]] || | 3342 | 1.16 | 2231 | 0.63 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 2080 | 3953 | 1.16 | 2231 | 0.63 | 2080 |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[pentaborane(9)|B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub>]] || | 3204 | 1.27 | 2441 | 0.80 | style="border-right:2px solid grey;" | 1960 | 3819 | 1.27 | 2441 | 0.80 | 1960 --> |- ! style="border-top:2px solid grey;" | Oxidizer ! style="border-top:2px solid grey;" | Fuel ! style="border-top:2px solid grey;" | Comment ! style="border-top:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''V<sub>e</sub>'' ! style="border-top:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''r'' ! style="border-top:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''T<sub>c</sub>'' ! style="border-top:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''d'' ! style="border-top:2px solid grey; border-right:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''C*'' ! style="border-top:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''V<sub>e</sub>'' ! style="border-top:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''r'' ! style="border-top:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''T<sub>c</sub>'' ! style="border-top:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''d'' ! style="border-top:2px solid grey; text-align:right;" | ''C*'' |} Definitions of some of the mixtures: ;[[inhibited red fuming nitric acid|IRFNA IIIa]]: 83.4% [[nitric acid|HNO<sub>3</sub>]], 14% [[nitrogen dioxide|NO<sub>2</sub>]], 2% [[water (molecule)|H<sub>2</sub>O]], 0.6% [[hydrogen fluoride|HF]] ;IRFNA IV HDA: 54.3% HNO<sub>3</sub>, 44% NO<sub>2</sub>, 1% H<sub>2</sub>O, 0.7% HF ;[[RP-1]]: See MIL-P-25576C, basically kerosene (approximately {{chem|C|10|H|18}}) ;MMH [[monomethylhydrazine]]: {{chem|C|H|3|N|H|N|H|2}} Has not all data for CO/O{{sub|2}}, purposed for NASA for Martian-based rockets, only a specific impulse about 250 s. ;''r'': Mixture ratio: mass oxidizer / mass fuel ;''V''<sub>e</sub>: Average exhaust velocity, m/s. The same measure as specific impulse in different units, numerically equal to specific impulse in NΒ·s/kg. ;''C*'': Characteristic velocity, m/s. Equal to chamber pressure multiplied by throat area, divided by [[mass flow rate]]. Used to check experimental rocket's combustion efficiency. ;''T''<sub>c</sub>: Chamber temperature, Β°C ;''d'': [[Bulk density]] of fuel and oxidizer, g/cm<sup>3</sup>
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