Editing Main sequence (section)

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=smith91>{{cite web |url=https://cass.ucsd.edu/archive/public/tutorial/HR.html |title=The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram |author=Harding E. Smith |date=21 April 1999 |work=Gene Smith's Astronomy Tutorial |publisher=Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences, University of California, San Diego |access-date=2009-10-29}}</ref>

<ref name=powell06>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/hr.html |title=The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram |author=Richard Powell |date=2006 |work=An Atlas of the Universe |access-date=2009-10-29}}</ref>

<!--unused<ref name=science304>{{cite journal |last=Gilmore |first=Gerry |title=The Short Spectacular Life of a Superstar |journal=Science |date=2004 |volume=304 |issue=5697 |pages=1915–1916 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1100370 |access-date=2007-05-01 |doi=10.1126/science.1100370 |pmid=15218132}}</ref>-->

<ref name=longair06>{{cite book |first=Malcolm S. |last=Longair |date=2006 |title=The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology |url=https://archive.org/details/cosmiccenturyhis0000long |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cosmiccenturyhis0000long/page/25 25–26] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-47436-8}}</ref>

<ref name=brown>{{cite book |editor1-first=Laurie M. |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Abraham |editor2-last=Pais |editor2-link=Abraham Pais |editor3-first=A. B. |editor3-last=Pippard |editor3-link=A. B. Pippard |page=1696 |date=1995 |title=Twentieth Century Physics |publisher=[[Institute of Physics]], [[American Institute of Physics]] |location=[[Bristol]]; New York |isbn=978-0-7503-0310-1 |oclc=33102501}}</ref>

<ref name=obs36>{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=H. N. |title="Giant" and "dwarf" stars |journal=The Observatory |date=1913 |volume=36 |pages=324–329 |bibcode=1913Obs....36..324R}}</ref>

<ref name=zfa7>{{cite journal |last=Strömgren |first=Bengt |title=On the Interpretation of the Hertzsprung-Russell-Diagram |journal=Zeitschrift für Astrophysik |date=1933 |volume=7 |pages=222–248 |bibcode=1933ZA......7..222S}}</ref>

<ref name=schatzman33>{{cite book |first=Evry L. |last=Schatzman |date=1993 |author2=Praderie, Francoise |title=The Stars |url=https://archive.org/details/stars0000scha |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/stars0000scha/page/96 96–97] |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-54196-7}}</ref>

<ref name=keenan_morgan43>{{cite book |first=W. W. |last=Morgan |author2=Keenan, P. C. |author3=Kellman, E.  |date=1943 |title=An atlas of stellar spectra, with an outline of spectral classification |publisher=The University of Chicago press |location=Chicago, Illinois |url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/ASS_Atlas/MK_contents.html |access-date=2008-08-12}}</ref>

<ref name=tnc>{{cite book |first=Albrecht |last=Unsöld |date=1969 |title=The New Cosmos |page=268 |publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc |isbn=978-0-387-90886-1}}</ref>

<ref name=asr34_1>{{cite journal |last=Gloeckler |first=George |author2=Geiss, Johannes |title=Composition of the local interstellar medium as diagnosed with pickup ions  |journal=Advances in Space Research |date=2004 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |bibcode=2004AdSpR..34...53G |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2003.02.054}}</ref>

<ref name=science293_5538>{{cite journal |last=Schilling |first=Govert |title=New Model Shows Sun Was a Hot Young Star |journal=Science |date=2001 |volume=293 |issue=5538 |pages=2188–2189 |doi=10.1126/science.293.5538.2188 |pmid=11567116 |s2cid=33059330|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=zams_sao>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/Z/Zero+Age+Main+Sequence |title=Zero Age Main Sequence |encyclopedia=The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy |publisher=Swinburne University |access-date=2007-12-09}}</ref>

<ref name=mss_atoe>{{cite web |title=Main Sequence Stars |publisher=Australia Telescope Outreach and Education |url=https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125235409/https://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html |archive-date=2021-11-25}}</ref>

<ref name=moore06>{{cite book |first=Patrick |last=Moore |author-link=Patrick Moore |date=2006 |title=The Amateur Astronomer |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-85233-878-7}}</ref>

<ref name=wd_sao>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/W/White+Dwarf |title=White Dwarf |encyclopedia=COSMOS—The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy |publisher=Swinburne University |access-date=2007-12-04}}</ref>

<ref name=siess00>{{cite web |last=Siess |first=Lionel |date=2000 |url=http://www.astro.ulb.ac.be/~siess/WWWTools/Isochrones |title=Computation of Isochrones |publisher=Institut d'astronomie et d'astrophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110092115/http://www.astro.ulb.ac.be/~siess/WWWTools/Isochrones |archive-date=2014-01-10}}—Compare, for example, the model isochrones generated for a ZAMS of 1.1 solar masses. This is listed in the table as 1.26 times the [[solar luminosity]]. At metallicity ''Z'' = 0.01 the luminosity is 1.34 times solar luminosity. At metallicity ''Z'' = 0.04 the luminosity is 0.89 times the solar luminosity.</ref>

<ref name=ohrd>{{cite web |url=http://astro.unl.edu/naap/hr/hr_background3.html |title=Origin of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram |publisher=University of Nebraska |access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref>

<ref name=zombeck>{{cite book |first=Martin V. |last=Zombeck |date=1990 |title=Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=2nd |url=https://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/toc.html |access-date=2007-12-06 |isbn=978-0-521-34787-7}}</ref>

<ref name=simbad>{{cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ |title=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |access-date=2008-11-21}}</ref>

<ref name=apj129>{{cite journal |author1=Luck, R. Earle |author2=Heiter, Ulrike |title=Stars within 15 Parsecs: Abundances for a Northern Sample |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2005 |volume=129 |issue=2 |pages=1063–1083 |bibcode=2005AJ....129.1063L  |doi=10.1086/427250 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=recons>{{cite web |author=Staff |date=1 January 2008 |url=http://www.chara.gsu.edu/RECONS/TOP100.posted.htm |title=List of the Nearest Hundred Nearest Star Systems |publisher=Research Consortium on Nearby Stars |access-date=2008-08-12  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513202710/http://www.chara.gsu.edu/RECONS/TOP100.posted.htm |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=brainerd>{{cite web |last=Brainerd |first=Jerome James |date=16 February 2005 |url=https://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/stars/MainSequence.html |title=Main-Sequence Stars |publisher=The Astrophysics Spectator |access-date=2007-12-04}}</ref>

<ref name=hannu>{{cite book |first=Hannu |last=Karttunen |date=2003 |title=Fundamental Astronomy |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-00179-9}}</ref>

<ref name=clayton83>{{cite book |first=Donald D. |last=Clayton |date=1983 |title=Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofstel0000clay |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-10953-4}}</ref>

<ref name=apj555>{{cite journal |author1=Bahcall, John N. |author2=Pinsonneault, M. H. |author3=Basu, Sarbani |title=Solar Models: Current Epoch and Time Dependences, Neutrinos, and Helioseismological Properties |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year=2003 |volume=555 |issue=2 |pages=990–1012 |bibcode=2001ApJ...555..990B |doi=10.1086/321493 |arxiv=astro-ph/0212331 |s2cid=13798091}}</ref>

<ref name=maurizio05>{{cite book |first=Maurizio |last=Salaris |author2=Cassisi, Santi |date=2005 |title=Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofstars0000sala |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionofstars0000sala/page/128 128] |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-09220-0}}</ref>

<ref name=apj620_1>{{cite journal |last=Oey |first=M. S. |author2=Clarke, C. J. |title=Statistical Confirmation of a Stellar Upper Mass Limit |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2005 |volume=620 |issue=1 |pages=L43–L46 |bibcode=2005ApJ...620L..43O |doi=10.1086/428396 |arxiv=astro-ph/0501135 |s2cid=7280299}}</ref>

<ref name=apj162>{{cite journal |last=Ziebarth |first=Kenneth |title=On the Upper Mass Limit for Main-Sequence Stars |journal=Astrophysical Journal |date=1970 |volume=162 |pages=947–962 |bibcode=1970ApJ...162..947Z |doi=10.1086/150726}}</ref>

<ref name=apj406_1>{{cite journal
 |author=Burrows, Adam |author2=Hubbard, William B. |author3=Saumon, Didier |author4=Lunine, Jonathan I.
 |title=An expanded set of brown dwarf and very low mass star models
 |journal=Astrophysical Journal
 |date=1993 |volume=406 |issue=1 |pages=158–71
 |bibcode=1993ApJ...406..158B |doi=10.1086/172427|doi-access=free
}}</ref>

<ref name=aller91>{{cite book |first=Lawrence H. |last=Aller |date=1991 |title=Atoms, Stars, and Nebulae |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-31040-6}}</ref>

<ref name=aaa102_1>{{cite journal |author1=Bressan, A. G. |author2=Chiosi, C. |author3=Bertelli, G. |title=Mass loss and overshooting in massive stars |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=1981 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=25–30 |bibcode=1981A&A...102...25B}}</ref>

<ref name=lockner06>{{cite web |last=Lochner |first=Jim |author2=Gibb, Meredith |author3=Newman, Phil |date=6 September 2006 |url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/stars.html |title=Stars |publisher=NASA |access-date=2007-12-05  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119192647/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/stars.html |archive-date=2014-11-19}}</ref>

<ref name=sp74>{{cite journal |last=Gough |first=D. O. |title=Solar interior structure and luminosity variations |journal=Solar Physics |date=1981 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=21–34 |bibcode=1981SoPh...74...21G |doi=10.1007/BF00151270 |s2cid=120541081}}</ref>

<ref name=padmanabhan01>{{cite book |first=Thanu |last=Padmanabhan |date=2001 |title=Theoretical Astrophysics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56241-6}}</ref>

<ref name=apj128_3>{{cite journal |last=Wright |first=J. T. |title=Do We Know of Any Maunder Minimum Stars? |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2004 |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=1273–1278 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AJ....128.1273W |access-date=2007-12-06 |doi=10.1086/423221 |bibcode=2004AJ....128.1273W |arxiv=astro-ph/0406338 |s2cid=118975831}}</ref>

<ref name=tayler94>{{cite book |first=Roger John |last=Tayler |date=1994 |title=The Stars: Their Structure and Evolution |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45885-6}}</ref>

<ref name=mnras113>{{cite journal |last=Sweet |first=I. P. A. |author2=Roy, A. E. |title=The structure of rotating stars |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |date=1953 |volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=701–715 |bibcode=1953MNRAS.113..701S |doi=10.1093/mnras/113.6.701 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=cwcs13>{{cite conference |last=Burgasser |first=Adam J. |author2=Kirkpatrick, J. Davy |author3=Lépine, Sébastien  |title=Spitzer Studies of Ultracool Subdwarfs: Metal-poor Late-type M, L and T Dwarfs |work=Proceedings of the 13th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun |page=237 |publisher=Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co |date=5–9 July 2004 |location=Hamburg, Germany |bibcode=2005ESASP.560..237B |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ESASP.560..237B/ |access-date=2007-12-06}}</ref>

<ref name=green04>{{cite book |first=S. F. |last=Green |author2=Jones, Mark Henry |author3=Burnell, S. Jocelyn |date=2004 |title=An Introduction to the Sun and Stars |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54622-5}}</ref>

<ref name=rit_ms>{{cite web |last=Richmond |first=Michael W. |date=10 November 2004 |url=http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/star_age/star_age.html |title=Stellar evolution on the main sequence |publisher=Rochester Institute of Technology |access-date=2007-12-03}}</ref>

<ref name="prialnik00">{{cite book |first=Dina |last=Prialnik |date=2000 |title=An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65937-6}}</ref>

<ref name=mnras386_1>{{cite journal |author1=Schröder, K.-P. |author2=Connon Smith, Robert |title=Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=May 2008 |volume=386 |issue=1 |pages=155–163 |bibcode=2008MNRAS.386..155S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x |doi-access=free |arxiv=0801.4031 |s2cid=10073988}}</ref>

<ref name=arnett96>{{cite book |first=David |last=Arnett |date=1996 |title=Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis: An Investigation of the History of Matter, from the Big Bang to the Present |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-01147-9}}—Hydrogen fusion produces {{val|8|e=14|ul=J|upl=kg}} while helium fusion produces {{val|8|e=13|u=J/kg}}.</ref>

<ref name=lecchini07>For a detailed historical reconstruction of the theoretical derivation of this relationship by Eddington in 1924, see: {{cite book |first=Stefano |last=Lecchini |date=2007 |title=How Dwarfs Became Giants. The Discovery of the Mass-Luminosity Relation |publisher=Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science |isbn=978-3-9522882-6-9}}</ref>

<ref name=Hansen1999>{{citation
 |title=Stellar Interiors: Physical Principles, Structure, and Evolution
 |series=Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
 |first1=Carl J. |last1=Hansen |first2=Steven D. |last2=Kawaler
 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media
 |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-387-94138-7 |page=39
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-_6LYuUbUkC&pg=PA39}}</ref>
}}