Editing Middle Dutch (section)

===Vowels===

The general practice was to write long vowels with a single letter in an open syllable and with two letters in a closed syllable. Which two letters were used varied among texts. Some texts, especially those in the east, do not do so and write long vowels with a single letter in all cases (as is the predominant rule in modern German).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Phoneme
! Normalised
! Other spellings
! Notes
|-
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| a
|
|
|-
| {{IPA|/e/}}
| e
|
|
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}
| i
| j, y
| 
|-
| {{IPA|/o/}}
| o
|
|
|-
| {{IPA|/ʏ/}}
| u
|
|
|-
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| e
| a (rare and early)
|
|-
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
| a (open)<br/>ae (closed)
| ai (occasionally, in closed syllables)
| In discussions about pronunciation, originally-long a is represented as â, lengthened a as ā.
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
| e (open)<br/>ee (closed)
| ei (West Flemish)
| In discussions about pronunciation, written as ē.
|-
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| e (open)<br/>ee (closed)
| ee (frequently in open syllables, especially in Flanders), {{notatypo|ie}} (occasionally in some dialects)
| In discussions about pronunciation, written as ê.
|-
| {{IPA|/øː/}}
| ue
| o, oe, eu (rare), u, uu (both very rare)
| {{angle|oe}} and {{angle|o}} are perhaps the most common, but normalisation uses {{angle|ue}} to avoid confusion with {{IPA|/uə/}}. Normalisation generally undoes the umlaut of older {{IPA|/oː/}}, which was only present in the eastern dialects.
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| i (open)<br/>ij (closed)
| ii (actually graphical variant of ij), {{notatypo|ie}} (rare)
|
|-
| {{IPA|/iə/}}
| {{notatypo|ie}}
| ye (rare), i (fairly rare)
|
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}}
| o (open)<br/>oo (closed)
| oe, a (Rhinelandic), oi, oy
| In discussions about pronunciation, written as ō. 
|-
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| o (open)<br/>oo (closed)
| oe, oi, oy
| In discussions about pronunciation, written as ô.
|-
| {{IPA|/uə/}}
| oe
| ou (Flanders), u, ue (both in Limburg), o (before {{IPA|/j/}})
|
|-
| {{IPA|/yː/, /uː/}}
| u (open)<br/>uu (closed)
| ue (usually before {{IPA|/r/}}), ui, uy
| {{IPA|/uː/}} only in Limburg.
|-
| {{IPA|/ei/}}
| ei
| ey
| Occurs in place of ê in Limburg.
|-
| {{IPA|/ou/}}
| ou
| au (rare)
| Occurs in place of ô in Limburg.
|}