Editing Mirror test (section)

==== Birds ====
[[File:Mirror-Induced-Behavior-in-the-Magpie-(Pica-pica)-Evidence-of-Self-Recognition-pbio.0060202.sv008.ogv|thumb|220px|Video of the responses of a European magpie in an MSR test: The magpie repeatedly attempts to remove the marks.]]
* [[Eurasian magpie]] (''Pica pica''): The Eurasian magpie is the first non-mammal to have been found to pass the mirror test. In 2008, researchers applied a small red, yellow, or black sticker to the throat of five Eurasian magpies, where they could be seen by the bird only by using a mirror. The birds were then given a mirror. The feel of the sticker on their throats did not seem to alarm the magpies. However, when the birds with colored stickers glimpsed themselves in the mirror, they scratched at their throats—a clear indication that they recognised the image in the mirror as their own. Those that received a black sticker, invisible against the black neck feathers, did not react.<ref name="Prior">{{cite journal
 |last1=Prior|first1=H.
 |last2=Schwarz|first2=A.
 |last3=Güntürkün|first3=O. 
 |title=Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (''Pica pica''): Evidence of self-recognition 
 |journal=PLOS Biology 
 |year=2008 
 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202 
 |doi-access=free
 |volume=6 
 |page=e202 
 |pmid=18715117 
 |issue=8 
 |pmc=2517622 
}}</ref> In 2020, researchers attempted to closely replicate the 2008 study with a larger number of magpies, and failed to confirm the results of the 2008 study. The researchers stated that while these results did not disprove the 2008 study, the failure to replicate indicated the results of the original study should be treated with caution.<ref name="Solar">{{cite journal
 |last1=Solar|first1=M.
 |last2=Colmenero|first2=J.
 |last3=Pérez-Contreras|first3=T. 
 |last4=Peralta-Sánchez|first4=J.
 |title=Replication of the mirror mark test experiment in the magpie (''Pica pica'') does not provide evidence of self-recognition
 |journal=J Comp Psychol
 |year=2020
 |volume=134
 |issue=4
 |pages=363–371
 |doi=10.1037/com0000223
 |pmid=32406720
|s2cid=218636079
 }}</ref>

* [[Indian house crow]] (''Corvus splendens''): House crows were found to pass the mirror test in 2019. Six wild-caught crows had a red or yellow mark applied to their throat, then given a mirror. Their reactions were then compared to behaviour exhibited when the mark was applied in absence of a mirror, and when a black mark — not visible against the black throat — was applied both with and without a mirror. Four of the six birds displayed mark-directed behaviour spontaneously when first shown a mirror. The behaviours of these birds were then compared; the birds showed statistically increased levels of plumage ruffling and head shaking in the mark-mirror trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buniyaadi |first1=Amaan |last2=Tahajjul Taufique |first2=S. K. |last3=Kumar |first3=Vinod |title=Self-recognition in corvids: evidence from the mirror-mark test in Indian house crows (Corvus splendens) |journal=Journal of Ornithology |date=2019-11-05 |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=341–350 |doi=10.1007/s10336-019-01730-2}}</ref> Another study done on five house crows failed to replicate the result, to which they list several experimental differences, such as length of mirror and mark exposure and sticker weight. They additionally note that only two of the four crows that exhibited mark-directed behaviour in the original experiment did so at a high frequency, and that of the other two, one was preening at high levels during mirror exposure without a mark— suggesting that any perceived mark-directed behaviours observed could be a part of general preening behaviour. These authors conclude that under their [[paradigm]], house crows do not appear to pass the mark test, but also emphasize the high level of variability in results from the mark test and the necessity for testing to be done with larger sample sizes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parishar |first1=Pooja |last2=Mohapatra |first2=Alok Nath |last3=Iyengar |first3=Soumya |title=Investigating Behavioral Responses to Mirrors and the Mark Test in Adult Male Zebra Finches and House Crows |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |date=2021-04-12 |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637850 |doi-access=free |pmid=33935888 |pmc=8082158 }}</ref>

* Some [[pigeons]] can pass the mirror test after training in the prerequisite behaviors.<ref name="uchbino">{{Cite journal |last1=Uchino |first1=Emiko |last2=Watanabe |first2=Shigeru |date=2014-11-01 |title=Self-recognition in pigeons revisited |journal=Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior |language=en |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=327–334 |doi=10.1002/jeab.112 |pmid=25307108 |s2cid=31499014 }}</ref> In 1981, American psychologist [[B. F. Skinner]] found that pigeons are capable of passing a highly modified mirror test after extensive training.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Epstei |first1=Robert |last2=Lanza |first2=Robert P. |last3=Skinner |first3=B. F. |date=1981-05-08 |title="Self-Awareness" in the Pigeon |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.212.4495.695 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=212 |issue=4495 |pages=695–696 |doi=10.1126/science.212.4495.695 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=17739404|bibcode=1981Sci...212..695E |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225835/http://psychology.lafayette.edu/files/2010/06/selfaware.mov This is video of one such test]</ref> In the experiment, a pigeon was [[Operant conditioning|trained]] to look in a mirror to find a response key behind it, which the pigeon then turned to peck to obtain food. Thus, the pigeon learned to use a mirror to find critical elements of its environment. Next, the pigeon was trained to peck at dots placed on its feathers; food was, again, the consequence of touching the dot. The latter training was accomplished in the absence of the mirror. The final test was placing a small bib on the pigeon—enough to cover a dot placed on its lower belly. A control period without the mirror present yielded no pecking at the dot. When the mirror was revealed, the pigeon became active, looked in the mirror and then tried to peck on the dot under the bib. However, [[Animal training|untrained]] pigeons have never passed the mirror test.<ref name="de Waal2008">{{cite journal |last1=de Waal |first1=Frans B. M |title=The Thief in the Mirror |journal=PLOS Biology |date=19 August 2008 |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=e201 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060201 |pmid=18715116 |pmc=2517621 |doi-access=free }}</ref>