Editing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (section)

==Vaccine==
The [[BCG vaccine]] (bacille Calmette-Guerin), which was derived from ''M. bovis,'' while effective against childhood and severe forms of tuberculosis, has limited success in preventing the most common form of the disease today, adult pulmonary tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Herzmann C, Sotgiu G, Schaberg T, Ernst M, Stenger S, Lange C | title = Early BCG vaccination is unrelated to pulmonary immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in adults | journal = The European Respiratory Journal | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 1087–1090 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 24969658 | doi = 10.1183/09031936.00086514 | s2cid = 12150010 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Because of this, it is primarily used in high tuberculosis incidence regions, and is not a recommended vaccine in the United States due to the low risk of infection. To receive this vaccine in the United States, an individual is required to go through a consultation process with an expert in ''M. tuberculosis'' and is only given to those who meet the specific criteria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/prevention/bcg.htm|title=Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=2018-12-11|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-date=4 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404203913/https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/prevention/bcg.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Administration of the BCG vaccine has been shown to induced so called "[[trained immunity]]", which refers to the enhanced response of the innate immune system.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Jingjing |last2=Gao |first2=Li |last3=Wu |first3=Xinya |last4=Fan |first4=Yuxin |last5=Liu |first5=Meixiao |last6=Peng |first6=Li |last7=Song |first7=Jieqin |last8=Li |first8=Bingxue |last9=Liu |first9=Aihua |last10=Bao |first10=Fukai |date=2023-02-10 |title=BCG-induced trained immunity: history, mechanisms and potential applications |journal=Journal of Translational Medicine |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=106 |doi=10.1186/s12967-023-03944-8 |doi-access=free |issn=1479-5876 |pmc=9913021 |pmid=36765373}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Netea |first1=Mihai G. |last2=Joosten |first2=Leo A. B. |last3=Latz |first3=Eicke |last4=Mills |first4=Kingston H. G. |last5=Natoli |first5=Gioacchino |last6=Stunnenberg |first6=Hendrik G. |last7=O'Neill |first7=Luke A. J. |last8=Xavier |first8=Ramnik J. |date=2016-04-22 |title=Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease |journal=Science |volume=352 |issue=6284 |pages=aaf1098 |doi=10.1126/science.aaf1098 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=5087274 |pmid=27102489}}</ref> Unlike [[adaptive immune system|adaptive immunity]], trained immunity involves long-lasting changes in innate immune cells like [[monocyte]]s and macrophages, which become more responsive to infections. These changes occur through [[epigenetic reprogramming]], such as [[histone modification]]s, leading to increased production of [[pro-inflammatory cytokine]]s.

Research indicates there may be a correlation between BCG vaccination and better immune response to [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/04/3cd4a913c3cf-tuberculosis-vaccine-drawing-attention-in-fight-against-coronavirus.html|title=Tuberculosis vaccine drawing attention in fight against coronavirus|website=Kyodo News+|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824204320/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/04/3cd4a913c3cf-tuberculosis-vaccine-drawing-attention-in-fight-against-coronavirus.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The DNA vaccine can be used alone or in combination with BCG. DNA vaccines have enough potential to be used with TB treatment and reduce the treatment time in future.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Anwar S, Qureshi J, Shahzad MI, Zaman M, Jilani A |date=2022 |title=DNA vaccine construct formation using Mycobacterium-specific gene Inh-A |journal=Journal of Preventive, Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies in Medicine |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=192–197 |doi=10.4103/jpdtsm.jpdtsm_63_22 |issn=2949-6594 |doi-access=free}}</ref>