Editing Net neutrality (section)

===Discrimination by Internet Protocol (IP) address===
{{See also|IP address blocking}}

During the 1990s, creating a non-neutral Internet was technically infeasible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepress.net/sites/default/files/fp-legacy/Deep_Packet_Inspection_The_End_of_the_Internet_As_We_Know_It.pdf|title=Deep Packet Inspection: The end of the Internet as we know it?|website=Center for Internet and Society|author1=M. Chris Riley|author2=Ben Scott, Free Press|name-list-style=amp|date=Mar 2009|access-date=29 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909081342/http://www.freepress.net/sites/default/files/fp-legacy/Deep_Packet_Inspection_The_End_of_the_Internet_As_We_Know_It.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> Originally developed to filter harmful [[malware]], the Internet security company [[NetScreen Technologies]] released network [[firewall (computing)|firewalls]] in 2003 with so-called [[deep packet inspection]] capabilities. Deep packet inspection helped make real-time discrimination between different kinds of data possible,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.networkworld.com/news/2003/1020netscannou.html|title=NetScreen announces deep inspection firewall|work=Network World|author=Paul Roberts, IDG News Service|date=20 October 2003|access-date=29 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207184318/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2003/1020netscannou.html|archive-date=7 December 2008}}</ref> and is often used for [[Internet censorship]]. 

One criticism regarding discrimination is that the system set up by ISPs for this purpose is capable of not only discriminating but also scrutinizing the full-packet content of communications. For instance, deep packet inspection technology installs intelligence within the lower layers of the network to discover and identify the source, type, and destination of packets, revealing information about packets traveling in the physical infrastructure so it can dictate the quality of transport such packets will receive.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Research on Telecommunications Planning and Management for Business|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookresearch00leei_023|url-access=limited|last=Lee|first=In|publisher=Information Science Reference|year=2009|isbn=9781605661940|location=Hershey, PA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookresearch00leei_023/page/n189 135]}}</ref> This is seen as an architecture of [[surveillance]], one that can be shared with [[intelligence agencies]], copyrighted content owners, and civil litigants, exposing the users' secrets in the process.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Law, Policy, and Technology: Cyberterrorism, Information Warfare, and Internet Immobilization: Cyberterrorism, Information Warfare, and Internet Immobilization|last1=Reich|first1=Pauline|last2=Gelbstein|first2=Eduardo|publisher=IGI Global|year=2012|isbn=9781615208319|location=Hershey, PA|pages=229}}</ref>

In a practice called [[zero-rating]], companies will not invoice data use related to certain IP addresses, favoring the use of those services. Examples include [[Facebook Zero]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/12/23/t-mobile-prepaid-free-facebook/|title=T-Mobile prepaid offering free data... but only to access Facebook|website=Engadget|author=Ben Gilbert|date=23 December 2013|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023841/http://www.engadget.com/2013/12/23/t-mobile-prepaid-free-facebook/|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> [[Wikipedia Zero]], and [[Google Free Zone]]. These zero-rating practices are especially common in the [[developing world]].<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/01/21/net_neutrality_internet_access_is_already_in_trouble_in_the_developing_world.html|title=Net Neutrality Is Already in Trouble in the Developing World|author=Hay Newman, Lily|date=21 January 2014|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116134940/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/01/21/net_neutrality_internet_access_is_already_in_trouble_in_the_developing_world.html|archive-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> Aside from the zero-rating method, ISPs will also use certain strategies to reduce the costs of pricing plans such as the use of sponsored data. In a scenario where a sponsored data plan is used, a third party will step in and pay for all the content that it (or the carrier or consumer) does not want around. This is generally used as a way for ISPs to remove [[out-of-pocket]] costs from subscribers.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.telpol.2016.10.002 | volume=41 | title=Grey nuances in the black and white debate over subsidized Internet access | year=2017 | journal=Telecommunications Policy | pages=1017–1026 | last1 = Frieden | first1 = Rob| issue=10 | s2cid=157404487 }}</ref>

Sometimes ISPs will charge some companies, but not others, for the traffic they cause on the ISP's network. French telecom operator Orange, complaining that traffic from YouTube and other Google sites consist of roughly 50% of total traffic on the Orange network, made a deal with Google, in which they charge Google for the traffic incurred on the Orange network.<ref>{{cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/19/3894182/french-isp-orange-says-google-pays-to-send-traffic |title=French ISP Orange says it's making Google pay to send traffic over its network |website=[[The Verge]] |date=19 January 2013 |access-date=14 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116074203/http://www.theverge.com/2013/1/19/3894182/french-isp-orange-says-google-pays-to-send-traffic |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> Some also thought that Orange's rival ISP [[Free (ISP)|Free]] throttled YouTube traffic. However, an investigation done by the French telecommunications regulatory body revealed that the network was simply congested during peak hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arcep.fr/index.php?id=8571&L=1&tx_gsactualite_pi1%5Buid%5D=1619&tx_gsactualite_pi1%5Bannee%5D=&tx_gsactualite_pi1%5Btheme%5D=&tx_gsactualite_pi1%5Bmotscle%5D=&tx_gsactualite_pi1%5BbackID%5D=26&cHash=8d42d6993c018a12924d83cf72e3bd36|website=arcep.fr|title=ARCEP closes the administrative inquiry involving several companies, including Free and Google, on the technical and financial terms governing IP traffic routing.|date=19 July 2013|access-date=18 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201162548/http://www.arcep.fr/index.php?id=8571&L=1&tx_gsactualite_pi1%5Buid%5D=1619&tx_gsactualite_pi1%5Bannee%5D=&tx_gsactualite_pi1%5Btheme%5D=&tx_gsactualite_pi1%5Bmotscle%5D=&tx_gsactualite_pi1%5BbackID%5D=26&cHash=8d42d6993c018a12924d83cf72e3bd36|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>