Editing Non-coding RNA (section)

===Cancer===

Many ncRNAs show abnormal expression patterns in [[cancer]]ous tissues.<ref name="Shahrouki P 2012"/> These include [[microRNA|miRNAs]], [[Long noncoding RNA#Long non-coding RNAs in disease|long mRNA-like ncRNAs]],<ref name="pmid11890990">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pibouin L, Villaudy J, Ferbus D, Muleris M, Prospéri MT, Remvikos Y, Goubin G | title = Cloning of the mRNA of overexpression in colon carcinoma-1: a sequence overexpressed in a subset of colon carcinomas | journal = Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics | volume = 133 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–60 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11890990 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00634-3 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16569192">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fu X, Ravindranath L, Tran N, Petrovics G, Srivastava S | title = Regulation of apoptosis by a prostate-specific and prostate cancer-associated noncoding gene, PCGEM1 | journal = DNA and Cell Biology | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 135–141 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16569192 | doi = 10.1089/dna.2006.25.135 }}</ref> [[GAS5]],<ref name="pmid18836484">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, Farzaneh F, Williams GT | title = GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer | journal = Oncogene | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 195–208 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 18836484 | doi = 10.1038/onc.2008.373 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Small nucleolar RNA SNORD50|SNORD50]],<ref name="pmid19683667">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dong XY, Guo P, Boyd J, Sun X, Li Q, Zhou W, Dong JT | title = Implication of snoRNA U50 in human breast cancer | journal = Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 447–454 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19683667 | pmc = 2854654 | doi = 10.1016/S1673-8527(08)60134-4 }}</ref> [[telomerase RNA]] and [[Y RNA]]s.<ref name="pmid18283318">{{cite journal | vauthors = Christov CP, Trivier E, Krude T | title = Noncoding human Y RNAs are overexpressed in tumours and required for cell proliferation | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 98 | issue = 5 | pages = 981–988 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18283318 | pmc = 2266855 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604254 }}</ref>  The miRNAs are involved in the large scale regulation of many protein coding genes,<ref name="pmid16308420">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farh KK, Grimson A, Jan C, Lewis BP, Johnston WK, Lim LP, Burge CB, Bartel DP | display-authors = 6 | title = The widespread impact of mammalian MicroRNAs on mRNA repression and evolution | journal = Science | volume = 310 | issue = 5755 | pages = 1817–1821 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16308420 | doi = 10.1126/science.1121158 | s2cid = 1849875 | bibcode = 2005Sci...310.1817F }}</ref><ref name="pmid15685193">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J, Bartel DP, Linsley PS, Johnson JM | display-authors = 6 | title = Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs | journal = Nature | volume = 433 | issue = 7027 | pages = 769–773 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15685193 | doi = 10.1038/nature03315 | s2cid = 4430576 | bibcode = 2005Natur.433..769L }}</ref> the Y RNAs are important for the initiation of DNA replication,<ref name="pmid16943439"/> telomerase RNA that serves as a primer for telomerase, an RNP that extends [[Telomere|telomeric regions]] at chromosome ends (see [[Telomere#Human telomeres.2C cancer.2C and ALT.|telomeres and disease]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-23|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Telomere#Human telomeres.2C cancer.2C and ALT.|reason= }} for more information). The direct function of the long mRNA-like ncRNAs is less clear.

[[Germline]] mutations in [[Mir-16 microRNA precursor family|miR-16-1]] and [[Mir-15 microRNA precursor family|miR-15]] primary precursors have been shown to be much more frequent in patients with [[chronic lymphocytic leukemia]] compared to control populations.<ref name="pmid16251535">{{cite journal | vauthors = Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, Di Leva G, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, Iorio MV, Visone R, Sever NI, Fabbri M, Iuliano R, Palumbo T, Pichiorri F, Roldo C, Garzon R, Sevignani C, Rassenti L, Alder H, Volinia S, Liu CG, Kipps TJ, Negrini M, Croce CM | display-authors = 6 | title = A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 353 | issue = 17 | pages = 1793–1801 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16251535 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa050995 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, Aldler H, Rattan S, Keating M, Rai K, Rassenti L, Kipps T, Negrini M, Bullrich F, Croce CM | display-authors = 6 | title = Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 99 | issue = 24 | pages = 15524–15529 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12434020 | pmc = 137750 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.242606799 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2002PNAS...9915524C }}</ref>

It has been suggested that a rare [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|SNP]] ([[rs11614913]]) that overlaps [[Mir-196 microRNA precursor family|hsa-mir-196a-2]] has been found to be associated with [[non-small cell lung carcinoma]].<ref name="pmid18521189">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu Z, Chen J, Tian T, Zhou X, Gu H, Xu L, Zeng Y, Miao R, Jin G, Ma H, Chen Y, Shen H | display-authors = 6 | title = Genetic variants of miRNA sequences and non-small cell lung cancer survival | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 118 | issue = 7 | pages = 2600–2608 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18521189 | pmc = 2402113 | doi = 10.1172/JCI34934 }}</ref>  Likewise, a screen of 17 miRNAs that have been predicted to regulate a number of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs [[Mir-17 microRNA precursor family|miR-17]] and [[Mir-30 microRNA precursor|miR-30c-1]]of patients; these patients were noncarriers of [[BRCA1]] or [[BRCA2]] mutations, lending the possibility that familial breast cancer may be caused by variation in these miRNAs.<ref name="pmid19048628">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shen J, Ambrosone CB, Zhao H | title = Novel genetic variants in microRNA genes and familial breast cancer | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 124 | issue = 5 | pages = 1178–1182 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19048628 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.24008 | s2cid = 20960029 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
The [[p53]] tumor suppressor is arguably the most important agent in preventing tumor formation and progression. The p53 protein functions as a transcription factor with a crucial role in orchestrating the cellular stress response. In addition to its crucial role in cancer, p53 has been implicated in other diseases including diabetes, cell death after ischemia, and various neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington, Parkinson, and Alzheimer.  Studies have suggested that p53 expression is subject to regulation by  non-coding RNA.<ref name="MorrisKV"/>

Another example of non-coding RNA dysregulated in cancer cells is the long non-coding RNA Linc00707.  Linc00707 is upregulated and sponges miRNAs in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jia B, Wang Z, Sun X, Chen J, Zhao J, Qiu X | title = Long noncoding RNA LINC00707 sponges miR-370-3p to promote osteogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through upregulating WNT2B | journal = Stem Cell Research & Therapy | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 67 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30795799 | pmc = 6387535 | doi = 10.1186/s13287-019-1161-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref> gastric cancer<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xie M, Ma T, Xue J, Ma H, Sun M, Zhang Z, Liu M, Liu Y, Ju S, Wang Z, De W | display-authors = 6 | title = The long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 707 promotes proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer by interacting with mRNA stabilizing protein HuR | journal = Cancer Letters | volume = 443 | pages = 67–79 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30502359 | doi = 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.11.032 | s2cid = 54611497 }}</ref> or breast cancer,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li T, Li Y, Sun H | title = MicroRNA-876 is sponged by long noncoding RNA LINC00707 and directly targets metadherin to inhibit breast cancer malignancy | journal = Cancer Management and Research | volume = 11 | pages = 5255–5269 | date = 2019-06-06 | pmid = 31239777 | pmc = 6559252 | doi = 10.2147/cmar.s210845 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yuan RX, Bao D, Zhang Y | title = Linc00707 promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and migration via the miR-30c/CTHRC1 regulatory loop in breast cancer | journal = European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 24 | issue = 9 | pages = 4863–4872 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32432749 | doi = 10.26355/eurrev_202005_21175 | s2cid = 218759508 }}</ref> and thus promotes osteogenesis, contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression, promotes proliferation and metastasis, or indirectly regulates expression of proteins involved in cancer aggressiveness, respectively.