Editing Numerus clausus (section)

== Legislation ==
{{Main|Numerus clausus (law)}}

''Numerus clausus'' is also used in law, [[property]] law in particular, as the principle that the [[Real estate|system of estates]]<ref>A Kellner "[http://www.grin.com/e-book/25439/a-description-of-the-system-of-estates-in-england-and-germany-in-the-18th A Description of the System of Estates in England and Germany in the 18th Century on the Basis of German Travel Reports]" {{ISBN|978-3-638-28068-6}};<br />J.M. Moringiello "[http://inderscience.metapress.com/index/133U12211148683G.pdf Towards a system of estates in virtual property]" International Journal of Private Law, vol. 1, nr. 1–2 / 2008 pp. 3–13</ref> allows only a [[Bundle of rights|limited number of property rights]] available in a legal system.<ref>TW Merrill, HE Smith "[http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/110-1/NEW%20MERRILL.pdf Optimal standardization in the law of property: the ''numerus clausus'' principle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716095334/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/110-1/NEW%20MERRILL.pdf |date=2011-07-16 }}" Yale Law Journal, 10/2000; <br />H Hansmann, R Kraakman "[http://lsr.nellco.org/harvard/olin/papers/388/ Property, contract, and verification: the ''Numerus Clausus'' problem and the divisibility of rights]" The Journal of Legal Studies, 2002</ref> The ''numerus clausus'' principle has its roots in [[Roman law]].<ref>F Parisi "[http://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/publications/working_papers/05-38.pdf The fall and rise of functional property]" George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 05-38 2005</ref> In German law the ''numerus clausus'' principle has a constitutional foundation<ref>A Peukert "Güterzuordnung als Rechtsprinzip" (Mohr Siebeck, 2008) {{ISBN|978-3-16-149724-7}}; <br />V. Jänich "Geistiges Eigentum – Eine Komplementärerscheinung zum Sacheigentum?" (Mohr Siebeck, 2002) {{ISBN|978-3-16-147647-1}}</ref> and limits property rights in their number (Typenzwang) and content (Typenfixierung). Other European states show equal doctrines.<ref>B. Akkermans, "The Principle of ''Numerus Clausus'' in European Property Law" (Antwerpen/Oxford/Portland: Intersentia, 2008) {{ISBN|978-90-5095-824-0}}; <br />T.H.D. Struycken, "De ''Numerus Clausus'' in het Goederenrecht" (Deventer: Kluwer, 2007) {{ISBN|978-90-13-04105-7}}; <br />L David "[http://wwp.biz/publications/338.pdf Ist der ''Numerus clausus'' der Immaterialgüterrechte noch zeitgemäss?]" Aktuelle Juristische Praxis (AJP), 1995</ref>