Editing Open-source software (section)

== Open software movement ==

=== History ===
{{Further|History of free and open-source software}}

In the early days of [[computing]], such as the 1950s and into the 1960s, programmers and developers shared software to learn from each other and evolve the field of computing.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Maracke |first=Catharina |date=2019 |title=Free and Open Source Software and FRAND-based patent licenses: How to mediate between Standard Essential Patent and Free and Open Source Software |journal=The Journal of World Intellectual Property |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3–4 |pages=78–102 |doi=10.1111/jwip.12114 |issn=1422-2213|doi-access=free }}</ref> For example, [[Unix]] included the [[operating system]] [[source code]] for users.<ref name=":13" /> Eventually, the [[Commercial software|commercialization of software]] in the years 1970–1980 began to prevent this practice.<ref name=":13" /> However, academics still often developed software collaboratively.<ref name=":13" />

In response, the open-source movement was born out of the work of skilled programmer enthusiasts, widely referred to as [[hacker]]s or [[hacker culture]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Bretthauer |first=David |date=2001 |title=Open Source Software: A History |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A84594448/AONE?u=anon~ec73e203&sid=googleScholar&xid=c0f93b7e |journal=Information Technology and Libraries |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> One of these enthusiasts, [[Richard Stallman]], was a driving force behind the [[free software movement]], which would later allow for the [[open-source-software movement|open-source movement]].<ref name=":24" /> In 1984, he resigned from MIT to create a free operating system, [[GNU]], after the programmer culture in his lab was stifled by [[proprietary software]] preventing source code from being shared and improved upon.<ref name=":24" /> GNU was UNIX compatible, meaning that the programmer enthusiasts would still be familiar with how it worked.<ref name=":24" /> However, it quickly became apparent that there was some confusion with the label Stallman had chosen of [[free software]], which he described as free as in free speech, not free beer, referring to the meaning of free as freedom rather than price.<ref name=":24" /> He later expanded this concept of freedom to the four essential freedoms.<ref name=":24" /> Through GNU, open-source norms of incorporating others' source code, community bug fixes and suggestions of code for new features appeared.<ref name=":24" /> In 1985, Stallman founded the [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF) to promote changes in software and to help write GNU.<ref name=":24" /> In order to prevent his work from being used in proprietary software, Stallman created the concept of [[copyleft]], which allowed the use of his work by anyone, but under specific terms.<ref name=":24" /> To do this, he created the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989, which was updated in 1991.<ref name=":24" />  In 1991, GNU was combined with the [[Linux kernel]] written by [[Linus Torvalds]], as a kernel was missing in GNU.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-21 |title=International Authority & Recognition |url=https://opensource.org/authority/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Open Source Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> The operating system is now usually referred to as [[Linux]].<ref name=":24" /> Throughout this whole period, there were many other free software projects and licenses around at the time, all with different ideas of what the concept of free software was and should be, as well as the morality of proprietary software, such as [[Berkeley Software Distribution]], [[TeX]], and the [[X Window System]].<ref name=":28">{{Cite book |last=Fogel |first=Karl |title=Producing open source software: how to run a successful free software project |date=2006 |publisher=O'Reilly |isbn=978-0-596-00759-1 |edition=1. Aufl., [Nachdr.] |location=Beijing Köln}}</ref>

As free software developed, the [[Free Software Foundation]] began to look how to bring free software ideas and perceived benefits to the [[commercial software|commercial software industry]].<ref name=":28" /> It was concluded that FSF's [[activism|social activism]] was not appealing to companies and they needed a way to rebrand the [[free software movement]] to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on software source code.<ref name=":28" /> The term open source was suggested by [[Christine Peterson]] in 1998 at a meeting of supporters of free software.<ref name=":24" /> Many in the group felt the name free software was confusing to newcomers and holding back industry interest and they readily accepted the new designation of open source, creating the [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI) and the OSI definition of what open source software is.<ref name=":24" /> The [[Open Source Initiative]]'s (OSI) definition is now recognized by several governments internationally as the standard or ''de facto'' definition.<ref name=":18" /> The definition was based on the [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]], written and adapted primarily by Bruce Perens.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kelty |first=Christopher |title=Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8223-8900-2}}</ref> The OSI definition differed from the [[The Free Software Definition|free software definition]] in that it allows the inclusion of proprietary software and allows more liberties in its licensing.<ref name=":24" /> Some, such as Stallman, agree more with the original concept of free software as a result because it takes a strong moral stance against proprietary software, though there is much overlap between the two movements in terms of the operation of the software.<ref name=":24" />

While the Open Source Initiative sought to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize the principles it adhered to, commercial software vendors found themselves increasingly threatened by the concept of freely distributed software and universal access to an application's [[source code]], with an executive of Microsoft calling open source an [[intellectual property]] destroyer in 2001.<ref name=":27">{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Keith W. |last2=Voas |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Costello |first3=Tom |date=2010 |title=Free and Open Source Software |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2010.147 |journal=IT Professional |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=14–16 |doi=10.1109/mitp.2010.147 |s2cid=265508713 |issn=1520-9202|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, while [[free and open-source software]] (FOSS) has historically played a role outside of mainstream private software development, companies as large as [[Microsoft]] have begun to develop official open source presences on the Internet.<ref name=":27" /> IBM, Oracle, and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in today's competitive open source market, marking a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS.<ref name=":27" />

=== Future ===
The future of the open source software community, and the free software community by extension, has become successful if not confused about what it stands for.<ref name=":55"/> For example, [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[Ubuntu]] are examples milestones of success in the open source software rise to prominence from the sidelines of technological innovation as it existed in the early 2000s.<ref name=":55" /> However, some in the community consider them failures in their representation of OSS due to issues such as the downplaying of the OSS center of Android by Google and its partners, the use of an [[Apache License|Apache license]] that allowed forking and resulted in a loss of opportunities for collaboration within Android, the prioritization of convenience over freedom in Ubuntu, and features within Ubuntu that track users for marketing purposes.<ref name=":55" />

The use of OSS has become more common in business with 78% of companies reporting that they run all or part of their operations on FOSS.<ref name=":55" /> The popularity of OSS has risen to the point that [[Microsoft]], a once detractor of OSS, has included its use in their systems.<ref name=":55" /> However, this success has raised concerns that will determine the future of OSS as the community must answer questions such as what OSS is, what should it be, and what should be done to protect it, if it even needs protecting.<ref name=":55" /> All in all, while the free and open source revolution has slowed to a perceived equilibrium in the market place, that does not mean it is over as many theoretical discussions must take place to determine its future.<ref name=":55" />