Editing Organization development (section)

==Interventions==
"Interventions" are principal learning processes in the "action" stage (see ''Figure 1'') of [[organization]] development. Interventions are structured activities used individually or in combination by the members of a client [[system]] to improve their social or task [[performance]]. They may be introduced by a change agent as part of an improvement program, or they may be used by the client following a program to check on the state of the organization's health or to effect necessary changes in its own behavior. "Structured activities" mean such diverse procedures as experiential exercises, questionnaires, attitude surveys, interviews, relevant group discussions, and even lunchtime meetings between the change agent and a member of the client [[organization]]. Every action that influences an organization's improvement program in a change agent-client system relationship can be said to be an intervention.<ref name="Johnson2">{{cite book|author=Richard Arvid Johnson|title=Management, systems, and society: an introduction|publisher=Goodyear Pub. Co.|location=Pacific Palisades, Calif.|year=1976|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementsystem00john/page/224 224–226]|isbn=0-87620-540-6|oclc=2299496|url=https://archive.org/details/managementsystem00john/page/224}}</ref> The change agent may opt for setting up an episodic intervention organization within the client organization as part of the OD action plan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vriens |first1=Dirk |last2=Achterberg |first2=Jan |title=Organizational Development |chapter=Episodic interventions in organizational structures |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315695228 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315695228-4/episodic-interventions-organizational-structures-jan-achterbergh-dirk-vriens?context=ubx&refId=47415815-d203-433b-936d-3c99f34da199}}</ref>

There are many possible intervention strategies from which to choose. Several assumptions about the nature and functioning of [[organization]]s are made in the choice of a particular strategy. [[Richard Beckhard|Beckhard]] lists six such assumptions:

# The basic building blocks of an [[organization]] are groups ([[team]]s). Therefore, the basic units of change are groups, not individuals.
# An always relevant change goal is the reduction of inappropriate [[competition]] between parts of the organization and the development of a more collaborative condition.
# Decision making in a healthy organization is located where the information sources are, rather than in a particular role or level of [[hierarchy]].
# Organizations, subunits of organizations, and individuals continuously manage their affairs against goals. Controls are interim measurements, not the basis of managerial strategy.
# One goal of a healthy organization is to develop generally open [[communication]], mutual trust, and [[confidence]] between and across levels.
# People support what they help create. People affected by a change must be allowed active participation and a sense of ownership in the planning and conduct of the change.<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Beckhard|title=Organization development: strategies and models|url=https://archive.org/details/organizationdeve0000beck|url-access=registration|publisher=Addison-Wesley|location=Reading, Mass.|year=1969|pages=[https://archive.org/details/organizationdeve0000beck/page/26 26–27]|isbn=9780201004489|oclc=39328}}</ref>

Interventions range from those designed to improve the [[effectiveness]] of individuals through those designed to deal with teams and groups, intergroup relations, and the total organization. There are interventions that focus on task issues (what people do), and those that focus on process issues (how people go about doing it). Finally, interventions may be roughly classified according to which change mechanism they tend to emphasize: for example, feedback, awareness of changing cultural norms, interaction and [[communication]], [[Organizational conflict|conflict]], and [[education]] through either new knowledge or skill practice.<ref name="French and Bell">{{cite book|author=Wendell L French; Cecil Bell|title=Organization development: behavioral science interventions for organization improvement|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.|year=1973|pages=[https://archive.org/details/organizationdev00fren/page/ chapter 8]|isbn=0-13-641662-4|oclc=314258|no-pp=true|url=https://archive.org/details/organizationdev00fren/page/}}</ref>

One of the most difficult tasks confronting the change agent is to help create in the [[Customer|client]] system a safe climate for learning and change. In a favorable climate, human learning builds on itself and continues indefinitely during man's lifetime. Out of new [[behavior]], new dilemmas and problems emerge as the spiral continues upward to new levels. In an unfavorable climate, in contrast, learning is far less certain, and in an atmosphere of psychological threat, it often stops altogether. Unfreezing old ways can be inhibited in [[organization]]s because the climate makes employees feel that it is inappropriate to reveal true [[feeling]]s, even though such revelations could be constructive. In an inhibited atmosphere, therefore, necessary feedback is not available. Also, trying out new ways may be viewed as risky because it violates established norms. Such an organization may also be constrained because of the law of systems: If one part changes, other parts will become involved. Hence, it is easier to maintain the status quo. Hierarchical authority, specialization, span of control, and other characteristics of formal systems also discourage experimentation.<ref name="Johnson2"/>

The change agent is to be prepared for having to address all of the above hazards and obstacles. Some of the things which will help the change agent are:
# A real need in the [[Customer|client]] system to change
# Genuine support from management
# Setting a personal example: listening, supporting behavior
# A sound background in the behavioral sciences
# A working knowledge of systems theory
# A belief in man as a rational, self-educating being fully capable of learning better ways to do things.<ref name="Johnson2"/>

A few examples of interventions include [[team building]], coaching, Large Group Interventions, mentoring, [[performance appraisal]], downsizing, TQM, and leadership development.