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PLATO (computer system)
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==== Visual diagnostic skills for instrumental music educators ==== By the mid-1970s, James O. Froseth (University of Michigan) had published training materials that taught instrumental music teachers to visually identify typical problems demonstrated by beginning band students.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018|title=Visual Diagnostic Skills Program|url=https://www.giamusic.com/store/search?elSearchTerm=visual+diagnostic+skills+program&x=0&y=0|access-date=February 8, 2018|website=Music for the Church|publisher=GIA Publications, Inc.}}</ref> For each instrument, Froseth developed an ordered checklist of what to look for (i.e., posture, embouchure, hand placement, instrument position, etc.) and a set of 35mm slides of young players demonstrating those problems. In timed class exercises, trainees briefly viewed slides and recorded their diagnoses on the checklists which were reviewed and evaluated later in the training session. In 1978, William H. Sanders adapted Froseth’s program for delivery using the PLATO IV system. Sanders transferred the slides to microfiche for rear-projection through the PLATO IV terminal’s plasma display. In timed drills, trainees viewed the slides, then filled in the checklists by touching them on the display. The program gave immediate feedback and kept aggregate records. Trainees could vary the timing of the exercises and repeat them whenever they wished. Sanders and Froseth subsequently conducted a study to compare traditional classroom delivery of the program to delivery using PLATO. The results showed no significant difference between the delivery methods for a) student post-test performance and b) their attitudes toward the training materials. However, students using the computer appreciated the flexibility to set their own practice hours, completed significantly more practice exercises, and did so in significantly less time.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Sanders|first=William H.|title=The effect of computer-based instructional materials in a program for visual diagnostic skills training of instrumental music education students|date=1979|publisher=University of Illinois, Dissertation Abstracts International, 1979, DAI-A-41/06|type=PhD}}</ref>
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