Editing Perception (section)

=== Multi-modal perception ===
[[Multi-modal perception]] refers to concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality and the effect such has on the perception of events and objects in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/chapter/multi-modal-perception/|title=Multi-Modal Perception|website=Lumen Waymaker|page=Introduction to Psychology|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>

==== Time (chronoception) ====
{{main|time perception}}
[[Time perception|Chronoception]] refers to how the passage of [[time]] is perceived and experienced. Although the [[Time perception|sense of time]] is not associated with a specific [[sensory system]], the work of [[psychologist]]s and [[neuroscientist]]s indicates that human brains do have a system governing the perception of time,<ref name="Rao 2001">{{cite journal|vauthors=Rao SM, Mayer AR, Harrington DL|date=March 2001|title=The evolution of brain activation during temporal processing|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=4|issue=3|pages=317–23|doi=10.1038/85191|pmid=11224550|s2cid=3570715|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/80c4d02m }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unisci.com/stories/20011/0227013.htm|title=Brain Areas Critical To Human Time Sense Identified|date=2001-02-27|publisher=UniSci – Daily University Science News}}</ref> composed of a highly distributed system involving the [[cerebral cortex]], [[cerebellum]], and [[basal ganglia]]. One particular component of the brain, the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]], is responsible for the [[circadian rhythm]] (commonly known as one's "internal clock"), while other cell clusters appear to be capable of shorter-range timekeeping, known as an ''[[ultradian]] rhythm''.

One or more [[dopaminergic pathways]] in the [[central nervous system]] appear to have a strong modulatory influence on [[mental chronometry]], particularly [[Interval (time)|interval timing.]]<ref name="Amph-DA reaction time">{{cite journal|vauthors=Parker KL, Lamichhane D, Caetano MS, Narayanan NS|date=October 2013|title=Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and timing deficits|journal=Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience|volume=7|pages=75|doi=10.3389/fnint.2013.00075|pmc=3813949|pmid=24198770|quote=Manipulations of dopaminergic signaling profoundly influence interval timing, leading to the hypothesis that dopamine influences internal pacemaker, or "clock", activity. For instance, amphetamine, which increases concentrations of dopamine at the synaptic cleft advances the start of responding during interval timing, whereas antagonists of D2 type dopamine receptors typically slow timing;... Depletion of dopamine in healthy volunteers impairs timing, while amphetamine releases synaptic dopamine and speeds up timing.|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Agency ====
{{main|Sense of agency}}

''Sense of agency'' refers to the subjective feeling of having chosen a particular action. Some conditions, such as [[schizophrenia]], can cause a loss of this sense, which may lead a person into delusions, such as feeling like a machine or like an outside source is controlling them. An opposite extreme can also occur, where people experience everything in their environment as though they had decided that it would happen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Metzinger|first=Thomas|title=The Ego Tunnel|publisher=Basic Books|year=2009|isbn=978-0-465-04567-9|pages=117–118}}</ref>

Even in non-[[Pathology|pathological]] cases, there is a measurable difference between the making of a decision and the feeling of agency. Through methods such as [[Neuroscience of free will#Libet experiment|the Libet experiment]], a gap of half a second or more can be detected from the time when there are detectable neurological signs of a decision having been made to the time when the subject actually becomes conscious of the decision.

There are also experiments in which an illusion of agency is induced in psychologically normal subjects. In 1999, psychologists [[Daniel Wegner|Wegner]] and Wheatley gave subjects instructions to move a mouse around a scene and point to an image about once every thirty seconds. However, a second person—acting as a test subject but actually a confederate—had their hand on the mouse at the same time, and controlled some of the movement. Experimenters were able to arrange for subjects to perceive certain "forced stops" as if they were their own choice.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wegner DM, Wheatley T|date=July 1999|title=Apparent mental causation. Sources of the experience of will|journal=The American Psychologist|volume=54|issue=7|pages=480–92|citeseerx=10.1.1.188.8271|doi=10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.480|pmid=10424155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Metzinger|first=Thomas|title=Being No One|date=2003|page=508}}</ref>

==== Familiarity ====

[[Recognition memory]] is sometimes divided into two functions by neuroscientists: ''familiarity'' and ''recollection''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mandler|year=1980|title=Recognizing: the judgement of prior occurrence|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/58b2c2fc|journal=Psychological Review|volume=87|issue=3|pages=252–271|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.87.3.252|s2cid=2166238 }}</ref> A strong sense of familiarity can occur without any recollection, for example in cases of [[deja vu]].

The [[temporal lobe]] (specifically the [[perirhinal cortex]]) responds differently to stimuli that feel novel compared to stimuli that feel familiar. [[Firing rate (cells)|Firing rates]] in the perirhinal cortex are connected with the sense of familiarity in humans and other mammals. In tests, stimulating this area at 10–15&nbsp;Hz caused animals to treat even novel images as familiar, and stimulation at 30–40&nbsp;Hz caused novel images to be partially treated as familiar.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ho JW, Poeta DL, Jacobson TK, Zolnik TA, Neske GT, Connors BW, Burwell RD|date=September 2015|title=Bidirectional Modulation of Recognition Memory|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=35|issue=39|pages=13323–35|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2278-15.2015|pmc=4588607|pmid=26424881}}</ref> In particular, stimulation at 30–40&nbsp;Hz led to animals looking at a familiar image for longer periods, as they would for an unfamiliar one, though it did not lead to the same exploration behavior normally associated with novelty.

Recent studies on [[lesion]]s in the area concluded that rats with a damaged perirhinal cortex were still more interested in exploring when novel objects were present, but seemed unable to tell novel objects from familiar ones—they examined both equally. Thus, other brain regions are involved with noticing unfamiliarity, while the perirhinal cortex is needed to associate the feeling with a specific source.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kinnavane L, Amin E, Olarte-Sánchez CM, Aggleton JP|date=November 2016|title=Detecting and discriminating novel objects: The impact of perirhinal cortex disconnection on hippocampal activity patterns|journal=Hippocampus|volume=26|issue=11|pages=1393–1413|doi=10.1002/hipo.22615|pmc=5082501|pmid=27398938}}</ref>

==== Sexual stimulation ====
{{Main|Sexual stimulation}}

[[Sexual stimulation]] is any [[Stimulation|stimulus]] (including bodily contact) that leads to, enhances, and maintains [[sexual arousal]], possibly even leading to [[orgasm]]. Distinct from the general sense of [[#Touch|touch]], sexual stimulation is strongly tied to [[Hormone|hormonal activity]] and chemical triggers in the body. Although sexual arousal may arise without [[physical stimulation]], achieving orgasm usually requires physical sexual stimulation (stimulation of the Krause-Finger [[Bulboid corpuscle|corpuscles]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://abdominalkey.com/sensory-corpuscles/|title=Sensory Corpuscles|date=2017-03-29|work=Abdominal Key|access-date=2018-07-13|vauthors=Themes UF}}</ref> found in erogenous zones of the body.)