Editing Permeable paving (section)

== Types of permeable pavement ==
Installation of porous pavements is no more difficult than that of dense pavements, but has different specifications and procedures which must be strictly adhered to. Nine different families of porous paving materials present distinctive advantages and disadvantages for specific applications. Here are examples:

=== Pervious concrete ===
{{main|Pervious concrete}}
[[File:Pervious concrete.JPG|thumb|Pervious concrete]]
Pervious concrete is widely available, can bear frequent traffic, and is universally accessible. Pervious concrete quality depends on the installer's knowledge and experience.<ref name="Pervious Concrete">EPA. ''National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices.'' 2009-09-10. [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=137&minmeasure=5 "Pervious Concrete Pavement."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622224413/http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=137&minmeasure=5 |date=2010-06-22 }}
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=== Plastic grids ===
Plastic grids allow for a 100% porous system using structural grid systems for containing and stabilizing either gravel or turf. These grids come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on use; from pathways to commercial parking lots. These systems have been used readily in Europe for over a decade, but are gaining popularity in North America due to requirements by government for many projects to meet [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] environmental building standards. Plastic grid systems are also popular with homeowners due to their lower cost to install, ease of installation, and versatility. The ideal design for this type of grid system is a closed cell system, which prevents gravel/sand/turf from migrating laterally.<ref>{{Citation |last=Brattebo |first=Benjamin O. |year=2003 |title=Long-term stormwater quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems |journal=Water Research |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4369–76 |publisher=Water Research Volume 37 Issue 18 |doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00410-X |pmid=14511707 |bibcode=2003WatRe..37.4369B |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004313540300410X |access-date=2020-12-13}}</ref>

=== Porous asphalt ===
[[File:Core porous asphalt.TIF|thumb|Core porous asphalt]]
'''Porous asphalt''' is produced and placed using the same methods as conventional [[asphalt concrete]]; it differs in that fine (small) aggregates are omitted from the asphalt mixture. The remaining large, single-sized aggregate particles leave open voids that give the material its porosity and permeability. To ensure pavement strength, fiber may be added to the mix or a polymer-modified asphalt binder may be used.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Hansen | first1 = Kent | title = IS-131: Porous Asphalt Pavements for Stormwater Management | publisher = National Asphalt Pavement Association | year = 2008 | location = Lanham, Maryland | pages = 16 }}</ref> Generally, porous asphalt pavements are designed with a subsurface reservoir that holds water that passes through the pavement, allowing it to evaporate and/or percolate slowly into the surround soils.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://porouspavement.net | title = Porous Asphalt | access-date = 2013-01-15 | author = National Asphalt Pavement Association}}</ref><ref>''National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices''. 2009-09-10. {{cite web|title=Porous Asphalt Pavement|url=http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=135&minmeasure=5|publisher=EPA|access-date=18 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927041118/http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=135&minmeasure=5|archive-date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

''Open-graded friction courses'' (OGFC) are a porous asphalt surface course used on highways to improve driving safety by removing water from the surface. These use an open-graded mix design for the [[wearing course|top layer]] of asphalt. Unlike a full-depth porous asphalt pavement, OGFCs do not drain water to the base of a pavement. Instead, they allow water to infiltrate the top {{convert|3/4|to(-)|1+1/2|in|order=flip}} of the pavement and then drain out to the side of the roadway. This can improve the friction characteristics of the road and reduce road spray.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Caltrans | author-link1 = California Department of Transportation | title = Open Graded Friction Course Usage Guide | date = 8 February 2006 | location = Sacramento, California | url = http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/Translab/ofpm/pdf/FrictionCourseGuide.pdf | access-date = 2013-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828060354/http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/Translab/ofpm/pdf/FrictionCourseGuide.pdf |archive-date=2010-08-28}}</ref>

=== Single-sized aggregate ===
'''Single-sized aggregate''' without any binder, e.g. loose gravel, stone-chippings, is another alternative. Although it can only be safely used in walkways and very low-speed, low-traffic settings, e.g. car-parks and drives, its potential cumulative area is great.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

=== Porous turf ===
[[Image:Rasenpflasterstein 1.jpg|thumb|Grass pavement]]
'''Porous turf''', if properly constructed, can be used for occasional parking like that at churches and stadia. Plastic turf reinforcing grids can be used to support the increased load.<ref name="Bean 2004">Bean, Eban Z.; Hunt, William F.; Bidelspach, David A.; Smith, Jonathan T. (2004).[https://web.archive.org/web/20050428012956/http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/info/permeable-pavement/icpi.pdf "Study on the Surface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Pavements."] North Carolina State University, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Dept. Raleigh, NC.</ref>{{rp|2}}<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/oaintrnt/stormwater/best_practices.htm#permeablepavers "Permeable pavers."] ''Stormwater Management Best Practices.'' Accessed 2010-06-17.</ref> Living turf transpires water, actively counteracting the "heat island" with what appears to be a green open lawn.

=== Permeable interlocking concrete pavements ===
{{Main|interlocking concrete pavers}}
'''Permeable interlocking concrete pavements''' are concrete units with open, permeable spaces between the units.<ref name="Bean 2004" />{{rp|2}} More recently manufacturers have introduced styles with smaller joint allowing for better ADA compliance and still capturing a significant amount of stormwater.  They give an architectural appearance, and can bear both light and heavy traffic, particularly interlocking concrete pavers, excepting high-volume or high-speed roads.<ref>''National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices.'' 2009-09-10. {{cite web|title=Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement|url=http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=136&minmeasure=5|publisher=EPA|access-date=18 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915061616/http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&rbutton=detail&bmp=136&minmeasure=5|archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> Some products are polymer-coated and have an entirely porous face.

=== Permeable clay brick pavements ===
'''Permeable clay brick pavements''' are fired clay brick units with open, permeable spaces between the units. Clay pavers provide a durable surface that allows [[stormwater runoff]] to permeate through the joints{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}.

=== Resin-bound paving ===
{{Main|Resin-bound paving}}
'''Resin bound paving''' is a mixture of resin binder and aggregate. Clear resin is used to fully coat each aggregate particle before laying. Enough resin is used to allow each aggregate particle to adhere to one another and to the base yet leave voids for water to permeate through. Resin bound paving provides a strong and durable surface that is suitable for pedestrian and vehicular traffic in applications such as pathways, driveways, car parks and access roads{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}.

=== Stabilized decomposed granite ===
'''Stabilized decomposed granite''' is a mixture of a non-resin binder and aggregate (decomposed granite). The binder, which may include color, is mixed with the decomposed granite and the mixture is moistened either before it is put in place or after. Stabilized decomposed granite provides a strong and durable surface that is suitable for pedestrian and vehicular traffic in applications such as pathways, driveways, car parks and access roads. The surface is ADA compliant and can be painted on.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}.

=== Bound recycled glass porous pavement ===
'''Elastomerically bound recycled glass porous pavement''' consisting of bonding processed post-consumer glass with a mixture of resins, pigments, granite and binding agents.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Approximately 75 percent of glass in the U.S. is disposed in landfills.<ref>{{cite news |title=Truth unclear on recycled glass in L.I. |first=Claude |last=Solnik |newspaper=Long Island Business News |publisher=Dolan Media |location=Ronkonkoma, NY |date=2009-11-03 |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/waste-management/materials-recovery-recycling/13411628-1.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310085925/http://www.allbusiness.com/waste-management/materials-recovery-recycling/13411628-1.html |archive-date=2011-03-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OMS|date=2016-11-15|title=Land, Waste, and Cleanup Topics|url=https://www.epa.gov/environmental-topics/land-waste-and-cleanup-topics|access-date=2023-01-29|website=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref>

=== Wood permeable pavement ===
'''Wood permeable pavement''' is a natural and sustainable building material. Architects and landscape designers turning towards permeable pavers will find that some types of highly durable hardwoods (e.g. [[black locust]]) are an effective permeable pavers material. Wood paver blocks made of black locust provide a highly permeable, durable surface that will last for decades because of the characteristics of the wood.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oregon State University|url=https://oregonstate.edu/|access-date=2023-01-29|website=Oregon State University|language=en}}</ref> Black locust lumber wood pavers exceed {{convert|10.180|psi|order=flip}} and have a [[Janka hardness]] of {{convert|1,700|lbf|kN|order=flip}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Limestone Paving |url=https://www.pavingslabsuk.co.uk/collections/limestone-paving |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> They are suitable for pedestrian and vehicular traffic in the form of pathways and driveways and are placed upon permeable foundations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=dominus1991|date=2021-02-08|title=Nature in its purity: permeable wood pavers|url=https://www.blacklocustlumber.com/nature-in-its-purity-permeable-wood-pavers/|access-date=2023-01-29|website=Black Locust|language=en-US}}</ref>