Editing Permian (section)

====Amniotes====
[[Synapsid]]s (the group that would later include mammals) thrived and diversified greatly during the Cisuralian. Permian synapsids included some large members such as ''[[Dimetrodon]]''. The special adaptations of synapsids enabled them to flourish in the drier climate of the Permian and they grew to dominate the vertebrates.<ref name="Huttenlocker, A. K. 2012. Pp. 90"/> A faunal turnover occurred around the transition between the Cisuralian and Guadalupian, with the decline of amphibians and the replacement of pelycosaurs (a [[paraphyletic]] group) with more advanced [[therapsid]]s,<ref name="Didier&Laurin_2021" /> although the decline of early synapsid clades was apparently a slow event that lasted about 20 Ma, from the [[Sakmarian]] to the end of the [[Kungurian]].<ref name="Didier & Laurin 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Didier |first1=Gilles |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |title=Testing extinction events and temporal shifts in diversification and fossilization rates through the skyline Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions |journal=Cladistics |date=June 2024 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=282–306 |doi=10.1111/cla.12577 |language=en |issn=0748-3007|doi-access=free |pmid=38651531 }}</ref> Predator-prey interactions among terrestrial synapsids became more dynamic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Suresh A. |last2=Elsler |first2=Armin |last3=Stubbs |first3=Thomas L. |last4=Rayfield |first4=Emily J. |last5=Benton |first5=Michael James |date=17 February 2024 |title=Predatory synapsid ecomorphology signals growing dynamism of late Palaeozoic terrestrial ecosystems |journal=[[Communications Biology]] |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=201 |doi=10.1038/s42003-024-05879-2 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=10874460 |pmid=38368492 }}</ref> If terrestrial deposition ended around the end of the Cisuralian in North America and began in Russia during the early Guadalupian, a continuous record of the transition is not preserved. Uncertain dating has led to suggestions that there is a global hiatus in the terrestrial fossil record during the late Kungurian and early [[Roadian]], referred to as "Olson's Gap" that obscures the nature of the transition. Other proposals have suggested that the North American and Russian records overlap,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reisz |first1=Robert R. |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |title=The reptile Macroleter: First vertebrate evidence for correlation of Upper Permian continental strata of North America and Russia |journal=GSA Bulletin |date=1 September 2001 |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=1229–1233 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1229:TRMFVE>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2001GSAB..113.1229R |url=https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606%282001%29113%3C1229%3ATRMFVE%3E2.0.CO%3B2 |issn=0016-7606 |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716092442/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/113/9/1229/183805/The-reptile-Macroleter-First-vertebrate-evidence?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Lozovsky 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Lozovsky |first1=Vladlen R. |title=Olson's gap or Olson's bridge, that is the question |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |date=1 January 2005 |volume=30, The Nonmarine Permian |pages=179–184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmPvCQAAQBAJ&dq=Olson%27s+gap+or+Olson%27s+bridge%2C+that+is+the+question&pg=PA179 |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brocklehurst |first1=Neil |date=10 June 2020 |title=Olson's Gap or Olson's Extinction? A Bayesian tip-dating approach to resolving stratigraphic uncertainty |url=https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0154 |url-status=live |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] |volume=287 |issue=1928 |pages=20200154 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.0154 |pmc=7341920 |pmid=32517621 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713165459/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.0154 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Laurin & Hook 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |last2=Hook |first2=Robert W. |title=The age of North America's youngest Paleozoic continental vertebrates: a review of data from the Middle Permian Pease River (Texas) and El Reno (Oklahoma) Groups |journal=BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin |date=2022 |volume=193 |pages=10 |doi=10.1051/bsgf/2022007 |url=https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022007 |language=en}}</ref> with the latest terrestrial North American deposition occurring during the Roadian, suggesting that there was an extinction event, dubbed "[[Olson's Extinction]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lucas|first=S.G.|date=July 2017|title=Permian tetrapod extinction events|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825217300600|journal=[[Earth-Science Reviews]]|language=en|volume=170|pages=31–60|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.04.008|bibcode=2017ESRv..170...31L|access-date=2021-04-18|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506060019/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825217300600|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> 

The Middle Permian faunas of South Africa and Russia are dominated by therapsids, most abundantly by the diverse [[Dinocephalia]]. Dinocephalians become extinct at the end of the Middle Permian, during the [[Capitanian mass extinction event]]. Late Permian faunas are dominated by advanced therapsids such as the predatory sabertoothed [[gorgonopsia]]ns and herbivorous beaked [[dicynodont]]s, alongside large herbivorous [[pareiasaur]] [[Parareptilia|parareptiles]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-07-01|title=Permian tetrapod extinction events|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825217300600|journal=[[Earth-Science Reviews]]|language=en|volume=170|pages=31–60|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.04.008|issn=0012-8252|last1=Lucas|first1=S.G.|bibcode=2017ESRv..170...31L|access-date=2021-08-18|archive-date=2021-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818230353/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825217300600|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The [[Archosauromorpha]], the group of reptiles that would give rise to the [[pseudosuchia]]ns, [[dinosaur]]s, and [[pterosaur]]s in the following Triassic, first appeared and diversified during the Late Permian, including the first appearance of the [[Archosauriformes]] during the latest Permian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Spiekman|first1=Stephan N. F.|last2=Fraser|first2=Nicholas C.|last3=Scheyer|first3=Torsten M.|date=2021-05-03|title=A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Tanystropheidae (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) and other "protorosaurs", and its implications for the early evolution of stem archosaurs|journal=[[PeerJ]]|language=en|volume=9|pages=e11143|doi=10.7717/peerj.11143|pmid=33986981|issn=2167-8359|pmc=8101476|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Cynodont]]s, the group of therapsids ancestral to modern [[mammal]]s, first appeared and gained a worldwide distribution during the Late Permian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huttenlocker|first1=Adam K.|last2=Sidor|first2=Christian A.|date=2020-12-01|title=A Basal Nonmammaliaform Cynodont from the Permian of Zambia and the Origins of Mammalian Endocranial and Postcranial Anatomy|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1827413|journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]]|language=en|volume=40|issue=5|pages=e1827413|doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1827413|bibcode=2020JVPal..40E7413H|s2cid=228883951|issn=0272-4634|access-date=2021-08-18|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107151159/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1827413|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Another group of therapsids, the [[therocephalia]]ns (such as ''[[Lycosuchus]]''), arose in the Middle Permian.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Huttenlocker A. K. | year = 2009 | title = An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida) | journal = [[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] | volume = 157 | issue = 4| pages = 865–891 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00538.x| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Huttenlocker A. K. |author2=Sidor C. A. |author3=Smith R. M. H. | year = 2011 | title = A new specimen of Promoschorhynchus (Therapsida: Therocephalia: Akidnognathidae) from the lowermost Triassic of South Africa and its implications for therocephalian survival across the Permo-Triassic boundary | journal = [[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] | volume = 31 |issue=2 | pages = 405–421 | doi=10.1080/02724634.2011.546720|bibcode=2011JVPal..31..405H |s2cid=129242450 }}</ref> There were no flying vertebrates, though the extinct lizard-like reptile family [[Weigeltisauridae]] from the Late Permian had extendable wings like modern [[Draco (lizard)|gliding lizards]], and are the oldest known gliding vertebrates.<ref name="Pritchard-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Pritchard |first1=Adam C. |last2=Sues |first2=Hans-Dieter |last3=Scott |first3=Diane |last4=Reisz |first4=Robert R. |date=20 May 2021 |title=Osteology, relationships and functional morphology of Weigeltisaurus jaekeli (Diapsida, Weigeltisauridae) based on a complete skeleton from the Upper Permian Kupferschiefer of Germany |journal=[[PeerJ]] |language=en |volume=9 |pages=e11413 |doi=10.7717/peerj.11413 |pmid=34055483 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=8141288 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bulanov |first1=V. V. |last2=Sennikov |first2=A. G. |date=1 October 2006 |title=The first gliding reptiles from the upper Permian of Russia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030106110037 |journal=[[Paleontological Journal]] |language=en |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=S567–S570 |doi=10.1134/S0031030106110037 |bibcode=2006PalJ...40S.567B |issn=1555-6174 |s2cid=84310001 |access-date=3 November 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:EdaphosaurusDB.jpg|''[[Edaphosaurus|Edaphosaurus pogonias]]'' and ''[[Platyhystrix]]'' – Early Permian, North America and Europe
File:Dimetr eryopsDB.jpg|''[[Dimetrodon|Dimetrodon grandis]]'' and ''[[Eryops]]'' – Early Permian,  North America
File:Ocher fauna DB.jpg|Ocher fauna, ''[[Estemmenosuchus|Estemmenosuchus uralensis]]'' and ''[[Eotitanosuchus]]'' – Middle Permian, Ural Region
File:Titanophoneus 3.jpg|''[[Titanophoneus]]'' and ''[[Ulemosaurus]]'' – Ural Region
File:Inostrancevia 4DB.jpg|''[[Inostrancevia|Inostrancevia alexandri]]'' and ''[[Scutosaurus]]'' – Late Permian, North European Russia (Northern Dvina)
</gallery>