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Plautdietsch
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===German=== Most [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] that settled in the Vistula Delta were of Dutch or northern German origins, and were joined by refugees from different parts of Germany and Switzerland, who influenced their developing language. After almost two centuries in West Prussia, German replaced Dutch as church, school and written language and has become a source from where words are borrowed extensively, especially for religious terms. Many of these words show the effects of the High German consonant shift, even though they are otherwise adapted into Plautdietsch phonetics. Compare: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Plautdietsch ! Standard High German ! Low German ! Pennsylvania German ! Dutch ! English |- | Zol | Zahl | Tahl/Tall | Zaahl | tal | number (compare "(to) tally") |- | jreessen | grüßen | gröten (but Westphalian: gruißen) | griesse | groeten | greet |- | kjamfen | kämpfen | fechten; kempen | fechde | vechten | fight |} This is the case particularly on nouns made out of verbs. The verb normally shows the unshifted consonant, whereas the noun has a shifted Germanized consonant: schluten, Schluss; bräakjen, Bruch (to close, closure; to break, a break)
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