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==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name="bourdon">Bourdon, J. (October 10, 2007). [http://www.elasmo.com/frameMe.html?file=genera/cenozoic/sharks/lamna.html&menu=bin/menu_genera-alt.html ''Lamna'' Cuvier 1817]. ''The Life and Times of Long Dead Sharks''. Retrieved on February 5, 2010.</ref> <ref name="block and carey">Block, B.A. and F.G. Carey (1985). [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00695777 "Warm brain and eye temperatures in sharks"]. ''Journal of Comparative Physiology B'' '''156''': 229–236.</ref> <ref name="bonnaterre">Bonnaterre, J.P. (1788). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11660 ''Tableau encyclopédique et methodique des trois règnes de la nature'']. Paris: Panckoucke. pp. 1–100.</ref> <ref name="camhi">Camhi, M. (ed.) (1998). ''Sharks and Their Relatives: Ecology and Conservation''. IUCN. p. 7 {{ISBN|2-8317-0460-X}}.</ref> <ref name="campana and joyce">Campana, S.E. and W.N. Joyce (2004). [http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/document/porbeagle%20temperature.pdf "Temperature and depth associations of porbeagle shark (''Lamna nasus'') in the northwest Atlantic"]. ''Fisheries Oceanography'' '''13''' (1): 52–64.</ref> <ref name="campana et al 2002">Campana, S.E., L.J. Natanson and S. Myklevoll (2002). [http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/document/porbeagle%20cjfas.pdf "Bomb dating and age determination of large pelagic sharks"]. ''Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences'' '''59''': 450–455.</ref> <ref name="campana et al 2010">Campana, S.E., W. Joyce, and M. Fowler (2010). [http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/document/campana%20et%20al%20porbeagle%202010.pdf "Subtropical pupping ground for a cold-water shark"]. ''Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences'' '''67''': 769–773.</ref> <ref name="campana et al">Campana, S.E., W. Joyce, L. Marks, L.J. Natanson, N.E. Kohler, C.F. Jensen, J.J. Mello, H.L. Pratt (Jr) and S. Myklevoll (2002). [http://na.nefsc.noaa.gov/sharks/refpdfs/Campana%20et%20al%202002b.pdf "Population dynamics of the porbeagle in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527103623/http://na.nefsc.noaa.gov/sharks/refpdfs/Campana%20et%20al%202002b.pdf |date=2010-05-27 }}. ''North American Journal of Fisheries Management'' '''22''': 106–121.</ref> <ref name="carey and teal">Carey, F.G. and J.M. Teal (January 1969). [http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0010406X69913358 "Mako and porbeagle: Warm-bodied sharks"]. ''Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology'' '''28''' (1): 199–204.</ref> <ref name="carey et al">Carel, F.G., J.G. Casey, H.L. Pratt, D. Urquhart and J.E. McCosker (1985). "Temperature, heat production, and heat exchange in lamnid sharks". ''Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences'' '''9''': 92–108.</ref> <ref name="carli and bruzzone">Carli, A. and C. Bruzzone (September 1973). "Liste de Copépodes parasites (Nouveaux genres, nouvelles espèces, nouvelles variétés) décrits par Alexandre Brian". ''Crustaceana'' '''25''' (2): 129–132.</ref> <ref name="carlson et al">Carlson, J.K., K.J. Goldman and C.G. Lowe (2004). "Metabolism, Energetic Demand, and Endothermy" in Carrier, J.C., J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus. ''Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives''. CRC Press. pp. 203–224. {{ISBN|0-8493-1514-X}}.</ref> <ref name="cassoff et al">Cassoff, R.M., S.E. Campana and S. Myklevoll (January 2007). [http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/document/Cassoff%20et%20al%202007.pdf "Changes in baseline growth and maturation parameters of Northwest Atlantic porbeagle, ''Lamna nasus'', following heavy exploitation"]. ''Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences'' '''64''' (1): 19–29.</ref> <ref name="claybourne">Claybourne, A. (2004). ''1000 Facts on Sharks''. Miles Kelly Publishing. p. 87 {{ISBN|1-84236-470-7}}.</ref> <ref name="compagno1990">Compagno, L.J.V. (1990). "Relationships of the megamouth shark, ''Megachasma pelagios'' (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), with comments on its feeding habits". NOAA Technical Report NMFS-90. pp. 357–379.</ref> <ref name="compagno">Compagno, L.J.V. (2002). ''Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date (Volume 2)''. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 121–125 {{ISBN|92-5-104543-7}}.</ref> <ref name="cressey">Cressey, R.F. (1967). "Revision of the Family Pandaridae (Copepoda: Caligola)". ''Proceedings of the United States National Museum'' '''121''' (3570): 9–45.</ref> <ref name="ferretti et al">Ferretti, F., R.A. Myers, F. Serena and H.K. Lotze (2008). [http://www.fmap.ca/ramweb/papers-total/Ferretti%20et%20al%202008_Conservation%20Biology.pdf "Loss of Large Predatory Sharks from the Mediterranean Sea"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421171317/http://www.fmap.ca/ramweb/papers-total/Ferretti%20et%20al%202008_Conservation%20Biology.pdf |date=2012-04-21 }}. ''Conservation Biology'' '''22''' (4): 952–964.</ref> <ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase |genus=Lamna |species=nasus |month=February |year=2010}}</ref> <ref name="francis and duffy">Francis, M.P. and C. Duffy (2005). "Length at maturity in three pelagic sharks (''Lamna nasus'', ''Isurus oxyrinchus'', and ''Prionace glauca'') from New Zealand". ''Fishery Bulletin'' '''103''': 489–500.</ref> <ref name="fowler et al">Fowler, S., C. Raymakers and U. Grimm (2004). [http://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/skript118.pdf "Trade in and conservation of two shark species, porbeagle (''Lamna nasus'') and spiny dogfish (''Squalus acanthias'')"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616091033/http://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/skript118.pdf |date=2013-06-16 }}. ''BfN-Skripten'' '''118''': 1–58.</ref> <ref name="francis and stevens">Francis, M.P. and J.D. Stevens (2000). "Reproduction, embryonic development, and growth of the porbeagle shark, ''Lamna nasus'', in the southwest Pacific Ocean". ''Fishery Bulletin'' '''98''': 41–63.</ref> <ref name="francis et al">Francis, M.P., L.J. Natanson and S.E. Campana (2008). "The Biology and Ecology of the Porbeagle Shark, ''Lamna nasus''" in Camhi, M.D., E.K. Pikitch and E.A. Babcock (eds.) ''Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation''. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 105–113.</ref> <ref name="francis et al 2007">Francis, M.P., Campana, S. E., and Jones, C. M. (2007). [http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/document/francis%20et%20al%202007.pdf "Age under-estimation in New Zealand porbeagle sharks (''Lamna nasus''): is there an upper limit to ages that can be determined from shark vertebrae?"]. ''Marine and Freshwater Research'' '''58''': 10–23.</ref> <ref name="gibson and campana">Gibson, A.J.F. and S.E. Campana (2005). [http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/document/Gibson%20and%20Campana%20RES2005_053_e.pdf Status and recovery potential of porbeagle shark in the Northwest Atlantic]. CSAS Research Document 2005/53. pp. 1–179.</ref> <ref name="henderson et al">Henderson, A.C., K. Flannery and J. Dunne (2003). [http://www.ria.ie/publications/journals/journaldb/index.asp?select=fulltext&id=100418 "Biological observations on shark species taken in commercial fisheries to the west of Ireland"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615120812/http://www.ria.ie/publications/journals/journaldb/index.asp?select=fulltext&id=100418 |date=2011-06-15 }}. ''Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'' '''103B''' (1): 1–7.</ref> <ref name="housby">Housby, T.R.L. (1976). ''Shark Hunter''. St. Martin's Press. p. 13 {{ISBN|0-312-71645-1}}.</ref> <ref name="isaf">[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/statistics/species3.htm ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark]. ''International Shark Attack File, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida.'' Retrieved on February 5, 2010.</ref> <ref name="iucnmediterranean">{{cite iucn |author=Ellis, J.R. |author2=Farrell, E.D. |author3=Jung, A. |author4=McCully, S. |author5=Sims, D. |author6=Soldo, A. |year=2016 |title=''Lamna nasus'' (Mediterranean assessment) |volume=2016 |page=e.T11200A16527805 |doi= |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> <ref name="iucnneatlantic">{{cite iucn |author=Stevens, J. |author2=S.L. Fowler |author3=A. Soldo |author4=M. McCord |author5=J. Baum |author6=E. Acuña |author7=A. Domingo |author8=M. Francis |year=2006 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39343/0 |title=''Lamna nasus'' (Northeast Atlantic subpopulation) |access-date=November 12, 2009}}{{clarify|reason=IUCN no longer lists a 'Northeast Atlantic subpopulation';|date=April 2023}}{{dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> <ref name="iucnnwatlantic">{{cite iucn |author=Stevens, J. |author2=S.L. Fowler |author3=A. Soldo |author4=M. McCord |author5=J. Baum |author6=E. Acuña |author7=A. Domingo |author8=M. Francis |year=2006 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39344/0 |title=''Lamna nasus'' (Northwest Atlantic subpopulation) |access-date=November 12, 2009}}{{clarify|reason=IUCN no longer lists a 'Northwest Atlantic subpopulation';|date=April 2023}}{{dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> <ref name="jensen et al">{{cite journal|author=Jensen, C.F.|author2= L.J. Natanson|author3= H.L. Pratt (Jr) |author4= N.E. Kohler |author5= S.E. Campana |year=2002|title=The reproductive biology of the porbeagle shark (''Lamna nasus'') in the western North Atlantic Ocean|journal=Fishery Bulletin|volume=100|pages=727–738}}</ref> <ref name="joyce et al">{{cite journal|author=Joyce, W.N.|author2= S.E. Campana|author3= L.J. Natanson|author4= N.E. Kohler|author5= H.L. Pratt (Jr) |author6= C.F. Jensen |year=2002|url=https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1286 |title=Analysis of stomach contents of the porbeagle shark (''Lamna nasus'' Bonnaterre) in the northwest Atlantic|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|volume=59|issue= 6|pages= 1263–1269|doi= 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1286|bibcode= 2002ICJMS..59.1263J}}</ref> <ref name="last and stevens">{{cite book|author=Last, P.R. |author2= J.D. Stevens |year=2009|title=Sharks and Rays of Australia|edition=second|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=179–180|isbn=978-0-674-03411-2}}</ref> <ref name="long">{{cite journal|author=Long, D.J. |date=March 6, 1992|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4523417 |title=Sharks from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene), Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=12|issue=1|pages=11–32|doi=10.1080/02724634.1992.10011428 |jstor=4523417 |bibcode=1992JVPal..12...11L |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="marshall">{{cite news|author=Marshall, I. |date=March 31, 2009|url=http://www.novanewsnow.com/article-319643-Porbeagle-sharks-in-Atlantic-Canada.html |title=Porbeagle sharks in Atlantic Canada|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722155723/http://www.novanewsnow.com/Natural-resources/2009-03-31/article-605558/Porbeagle-sharks-in-Atlantic-Canada/1 |archive-date=2012-07-22|website=NovaNewsnow.com|access-date=February 5, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="martin1996">{{cite book|author=Martin, A.P. |year=1996|chapter=Systematics of the Lamnidae and the origination time of ''Carcharodon carcharias'' inferred from the comparative analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences" |editor=Klimley, A.P. |editor2= D.G. Ainley|title=Great White Sharks: The Biology of ''Carcharodon carcharias''|publisher= Academic Press|pages=49–53|isbn=0-12-415031-4}}</ref> <ref name="martin">{{cite web|author=Martin, R.A. |url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/l_nasus.htm |title=Biology of the Porbeagle|website=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|access-date= November 12, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="martin2">{{cite web|author=Martin, R.A. |url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/body_shape.htm |title=Body Shape and Swimming Style|website=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|access-date=November 12, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="mollen">{{cite journal|author=Mollen, F.H. |year=2010|title=A partial rostrum of the porbeagle shark ''Lamna nasus'' (Lamniformes, Lamnidae) from the Miocene of the North Sea Basin and the taxonomic importance of rostral morphology in extinct sharks|journal=Geological Belgica|volume=13|issue=1–2|pages=61–76}}</ref> <ref name="musick et al">{{cite book|author=Musick, J.A.|author2= M.M. Harbin |author3= L.J.V. Compagno |year=2004|chapter=Historical Zoogeography of the Selachii|editor=Carrier, J.C.|editor2= J.A. Musick |editor3= M.R. Heithaus|title=Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives|publisher=CRC Press|pages=33–78|isbn=0-8493-1514-X}}</ref> <ref name="natanson et al">{{cite journal|author=Natanson, L.J.|author2= J.J. Mello |author3= S.E. Campana |year=2002|url=http://www.iccat.int/Documents/CVSP/CV054_2002/no_4/CV054041261.pdf |title=Validated age and growth of the porbeagle shark (''Lamna nasus'') in the western North Atlantic Ocean|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113210035/http://www.iccat.int/Documents/CVSP/CV054_2002/no_4/CV054041261.pdf |archive-date=2011-01-13|journal=Fishery Bulletin|volume=100|pages=266–278}}</ref> <ref name="naylor et al">{{cite book|author=Naylor, G.J.P.|author2= A.P. Martin|author3= E.G. Mattison |author4= W.M. Brown |year=1997|chapter=Interrelationships of lamniform sharks: testing phylogenetic hypotheses with sequence data|editor=Kocher, T.D. |editor2= C.A. Stepien|title=Molecular Systematics of Fishes|publisher=Academic Press|pages=199–218|isbn=0-12-417540-6}}</ref> <ref name="nmfs">{{cite web|url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/porbeagleshark_detailed.pdf |title=Species of Concern: Porbeagle|date=November 1, 2007|website= NMFS Office of Protected Resources |access-date=February 5, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="noaa">{{cite web|url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ia/slider_stories/2013/02/cites_cop16.html |title=Sharks and Manta Rays Receive Protection Under CITES|date=March 14, 2013|website= NOAA Fisheries |access-date=July 27, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="oed">{{cite OED|porbeagle|date=June 2008|access-date=February 25, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="padea et al">{{cite journal|author=Pade, N.G.|author2= N. Queiroza|author3= N.E. Humphries|author4= M.J. Witt|author5= C.S. Jones|author6= L.R. Noble |author7= D.W. Sims |date=March 1, 2009 |url=http://www.mba.ac.uk/simslab/publica/pade_etal2009.pdf |title=First results from satellite-linked archival tagging of porbeagle shark, ''Lamna nasus'': Area fidelity, wider-scale movements and plasticity in diel depth changes|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721043744/http://www.mba.ac.uk/simslab/publica/pade_etal2009.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=370|issue=1–2|pages=64–74|doi= 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.12.002|bibcode= 2009JEMBE.370...64P}}</ref> <ref name="peirce">{{cite book|author=Peirce, R. |year=2008|title=Sharks in British Seas|publisher=Shark Cornwall|page=102|isbn=978-0-9558694-0-2}}</ref> <ref name="purdy and francis">{{cite journal|author=Purdy, R.W. |author2= M.P. Francis |date=December 12, 2007|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282007%2927%5B798:ODOTIL%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |title=Ontogenetic development of teeth in ''Lamna nasus'' (Bonnaterre, 1758) (Chondrichthyes: Lamnidae) and its implications for the study of fossil shark teeth|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=27|issue=4|pages=798–810|doi= 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[798:ODOTIL]2.0.CO;2 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="rocka">{{cite journal|author=Rocka, A.|year=2003|url=http://www.polish.polar.pan.pl/ppr24/ppr24-261.pdf|title=Cestodes of the Antarctic fishes|journal=Polish Polar Research|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=261–276|archive-date=2017-08-09|access-date=2012-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809041236/http://www.polish.polar.pan.pl/ppr24/ppr24-261.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="roman">{{cite web|author=Roman, B. |url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Porbeagle/Porbeagle.html |title=Biological Profiles: Porbeagle|website=Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department|access-date=November 12, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="ssn">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssn.org/Meetings/cop/cop14/Factsheets/Porbeagle_EN.pdf|title=Porbeagle ''Lamna nasus''|website=Species Survival Network|access-date=February 5, 2010|archive-date=July 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723021936/http://www.ssn.org/Meetings/cop/cop14/Factsheets/Porbeagle_EN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="waterman and sin">{{cite journal|author=Waterman, P.B. |author2= F.Y.T. 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