Editing Proctor (section)

===Examination supervisor===
{{main|Exam invigilator}}
In the [[United States]] and some other countries, a proctor can be any teacher or other staff member at a university, secondary school, or even elementary school when they are [[Exam invigilator|supervising the administration of a test]] or [[Test (assessment)|examination]]; i.e., the role referred to as an "''invigilator''" in British, Canadian, Australian and South African English.

====Online proctoring====
Online proctoring is the monitoring or invigilation of assessments taken remotely.

Online proctors verify test-taker identity and monitor to prevent cheating using a variety of methods, including live, record-and-review, and automated proctoring. Online proctoring services work with colleges, universities, corporations, and other certification providers to offer identity verification services and assessment monitoring.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://examity.com/docs/BBJ_Article.pdf|title=Mass. tech firm that thwarts cheaters of online tests is in 'super growth mode'|website=Boston Business Journal|access-date=2017-10-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112132108/https://examity.com/docs/BBJ_Article.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rutgersonline.desk.com/customer/en/portal/articles/2900365-proctortrack|title=What is Proctortrack?|website=rutgersonline.desk|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref>

Demand for online proctoring has expanded in recent years as a result of rapid expansions in online learning. In 2006, the [[United States Department of Education|Department of Education]] waived<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwidelearn.com/education-advisor/indepth/financial-aid-online.php|title=Down with the 50 Percent Rule: Up with Online Education Financial Aid|website=World Wide Learn|access-date=2017-10-16}}</ref> the so-called “50 percent rule,” which stipulated that U.S. students in online degree programs could only receive federal student aid if half of their programs were campus-based. As of 2017, one in three students take<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/promises-and-pitfalls-of-online-education/|title=Promises and pitfalls of online education|website=Brookings|date=9 June 2017|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> at least one course online during their college career. In addition, instructors in face-to-face classes can also administer exams online.

Higher education institutions around the world make use of online proctoring for tens of thousands of exams. The 17 campuses of the University of North Carolina proctor<ref name="IHEonlineExamProctoring">{{cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/article/2017/05/10/online-exam-proctoring-catches-cheaters-raises-concerns|title=Online Exam Proctoring Catches Cheaters, Raises Concerns|website=Insde Higher Ed|date=10 May 2017 |access-date=2017-10-16}}</ref> between 30,000 and 40,000 exams online per year. At the fully online [[Western Governors University]], 30,000 exams are proctored online each month. Recent estimates suggest<ref name="IHEonlineExamProctoring" /> that there are about fifteen providers of online proctoring.

====Research on online proctoring====
Research suggests that students are equally likely to cheat online as they are in person.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/articles/2014/06/17/think-twice-before-cheating-in-online-courses|title=Think Twice Before Cheating in Online Courses|website=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=2017-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/online-education/do-online-students-cheat-more-on-tests/|title=Do Online Students Cheat More on Tests?|website=Faculty Focus|date=6 November 2015 |access-date=2017-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/views/2017/02/06/robert-ubell-online-cheating-and-what-colleges-can-do-about-it|title=Online Cheating|website=Inside Higher Ed|date=6 February 2017 |access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref> However, one study found that nearly three-quarters of college students hold the perception that cheating online is easier than cheating in person.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring131/watson131.html|title=Cheating in the Digital Age: Do Students Cheat More in Online Courses?|journal=Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration|date=15 March 2010 |volume=13 |issue=1 |access-date=2017-10-16 |last1=Watson |first1=George |last2=Sottile |first2=James }}</ref> In 2016, USA Today reported on research by Examity which suggests that 6% of students violate rules for proctored online exams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/usa/usa-today-us-edition/20160415/281530815190023|title=Cheating on Finals|website=USA Today|access-date=2017-10-11}}</ref>
There is clear evidence to that it is easily possible to circumvent e-proctoring software. A scientific test of the Proctorio software at the Dutch University of Twente showed that the software was not able to detect any of the cases of examination fraud it was subjected to. The conclusion was that the sensitivity of Proctorio is disastrous and should be considered at very close to zero.<ref>[https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/275927505/3e2a9e5b2fad237a3d35f36fa2c5f44552f2.pdf On the Efficacy of Online Proctoring using Proctorio]</ref>

Some online proctoring providers give colleges and universities access to anonymized, aggregated data on proctoring and cheating rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edtechmagazine.com/higher/article/2017/07/universities-use-analytics-authentication-prevent-cheating-online-courses|title=Universities Use Analytics, Authentication to Prevent Cheating in Online Courses|website=EdTech: Focus on Higher Education|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> These analytics tools allow institutions to measure their violation rates against other schools, as well as to track incidents by time of year and type of course, among other metrics.