Editing Recall (memory) (section)

===State-dependent memory===
[[State-dependent learning|State-dependent retrieval]] is demonstrated when material learned under one State is best recalled in that same state. A study by Carter and Cassady (1998) showed this effect with [[antihistamine]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Carter | first1 = S. J. | last2 = Cassaday | first2 = H. J. | year = 1998 | title = State-Dependent Retrieval and Chlorpheniramine | journal = Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental | volume = 13 | issue = 7| pages = 513–523 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(1998100)13:7<513::aid-hup39>3.0.co;2-k| s2cid = 1004113 }}</ref> In other words, if you study while on hay fever tablets, then you will recall more of what you studied if you test yourself while on antihistamines in comparison to testing yourself while not on antihistamines after having studied on antihistamines.

A study by Block and Ghoneim (2000) found that, relative to a matched group of healthy, non-drug-using controls, heavy [[marijuana]] use is associated with small but significant impairments in memory retrieval.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Block | first1 = RI | last2 = O'Leary | first2 = DS | last3 = Ehrhardt | first3 = JC | last4 = Augustinack | first4 = JC | last5 = Ghoneim | first5 = M.M. | last6 = Arndt | first6 = S | last7 = Hall | first7 = J.A. | year = 2000 | title = Effects of frequent marijuana use on brain tissue volume and composition | journal = NeuroReport | volume = 11 | issue = 3| pages = 491–496 | doi=10.1097/00001756-200002280-00013| pmid = 10718301 | s2cid = 37654403 }}</ref>[[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] induces loss of internal control and cognitive impairment, especially impairment of attention and memory, for the duration of the intoxication period.<ref name="Lundqvist">{{cite journal | last1 = Lundqvist | first1 = T | year = 2005 | title = Cognitive consequences of cannabis use: Comparison with abuse to stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions | doi = 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.02.017 | pmid = 15925403 | journal = Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior | volume = 81 | issue = 2| pages = 319–330 | s2cid = 18680318 | url = http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/140422 }}</ref>

Stimulants, such as [[cocaine]], [[amphetamines]] or [[caffeine]] are known to improve recall in humans.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Soetens | first1 = E. | last2 = D'Hooge | first2 = J.E. | last3 = Hueting | first3 = R. | year = 1993 | title = Amphetamine enhances human-memory consolidation | url =https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/168787/1/Elsevier_152417.pdf | journal = Neuroscience Letters| volume = 161 | issue = 1| pages = 9–12 | doi=10.1016/0304-3940(93)90127-7| pmid = 8255556 | s2cid = 24297641 }}</ref> However, the effect of prolonged use of stimulants on cognitive functioning is very different from the impact on one-time users. Some researchers have found stimulant use to lower recall rates in humans after prolonged usage{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}. The axons, dendrites, and neurons wear out in many cases{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}. Current research illustrates a paradoxical effect{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}. The few exceptions undergo mental hypertrophy{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}. [[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine]] (MDMA) users are found to exhibit difficulties encoding information into long-term memory, display impaired verbal learning, are more easily distracted, and are less efficient at focusing attention on complex tasks. The degree of executive impairment increases with the severity of use, and the impairments are relatively long-lasting. Chronic cocaine users display impaired attention, learning, memory, reaction time and cognitive flexibility.<ref name="Lundqvist"/> Whether or not stimulants have a positive or negative effect on recall depends on how much is used and for how long.