Editing Recombinant DNA (section)

==History==

The idea of recombinant DNA was first proposed by Peter Lobban, a graduate student of Prof. [[A. Dale Kaiser|Dale Kaiser]] in the Biochemistry Department at Stanford University Medical School.<ref>Lear, J. (1978). ''Recombinant DNA: The Untold Story''. New York: Crown Publishers. p. 43.</ref> The first publications describing the successful production and intracellular replication of recombinant DNA appeared in 1972 and 1973, from [[Stanford University|Stanford]] and [[University of California, San Francisco|UCSF]].<ref name="pmid|4342968">{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Jackson | first1 = D.
 | last2 = Symons | first2 = R.
 | last3 = Berg | first3 = P.
 | title = Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli
 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
 | volume = 69
 | issue = 10
 | pages = 2904–2909
 | year = 1972
 | pmid = 4342968
 | pmc = 389671
 | doi=10.1073/pnas.69.10.2904
| bibcode = 1972PNAS...69.2904J
 | doi-access = free
 }}</ref><ref name="pmid|4343968">{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 4343968
| pmc = 389773
| year = 1972
| last1 = Mertz
| first1 = J. E.
| title = Cleavage of DNA by R 1 restriction endonuclease generates cohesive ends
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| volume = 69
| issue = 11
| pages = 3370–4
| last2 = Davis
| first2 = R. W.
 | doi=10.1073/pnas.69.11.3370
| bibcode = 1972PNAS...69.3370M
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref name="pmid|4754844">{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Lobban | first1 = P.
 | last2 = Kaiser | first2 = A.
 | title = Enzymatic end-to end joining of DNA molecules
 | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology
 | volume = 78
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 453–471
 | year = 1973
 | pmid = 4754844
 | doi=10.1016/0022-2836(73)90468-3
}}</ref><ref name="pmid|4594039">{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Cohen | first1 = S.
 | last2 = Chang | first2 = A.
 | last3 = Boyer | first3 = H.
 | last4 = Helling | first4 = R.
 | title = Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro
 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
 | volume = 70
 | issue = 11
 | pages = 3240–3244
 | year = 1973
 | pmid = 4594039
 | pmc = 427208
 | doi=10.1073/pnas.70.11.3240
| bibcode = 1973PNAS...70.3240C
 | doi-access = free
 }}</ref> In 1980 [[Paul Berg]], a professor in the Biochemistry Department at Stanford and an author on one of the first papers<ref name="pmid|4342968" /> was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on nucleic acids "with particular regard to recombinant DNA". [[Werner Arber]], [[Hamilton O. Smith|Hamilton Smith]], and [[Daniel Nathans]] shared the 1978 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for the discovery of [[Restriction Endonucleases|restriction endonucleases]] which enhanced the techniques of rDNA technology.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

[[Stanford University]] applied for a U.S. patent on recombinant DNA on November 4, 1974, listing the inventors as [[Herbert W. Boyer]] (professor at the [[University of California, San Francisco]]) and [[Stanley N. Cohen]] (professor at [[Stanford University]]); this patent, U.S. 4,237,224A, was awarded on December 2, 1980.<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US4237224A/en "Process for producing biologically functional molecular chimeras"], retrieved from Google Patent</ref><ref name="pmid|11810894">{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Hughes
 | first1 = S.
 | title = Making dollars out of DNA. The first major patent in biotechnology and the commercialization of molecular biology, 1974-1980
 | journal = Isis; an International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences
 | volume = 92
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 541–575
 | year = 2001
 | pmid = 11810894
 | doi = 10.1086/385281
 | hdl = 10161/8125
 | hdl-access = free
 }}</ref> The first licensed drug generated using recombinant DNA technology was human insulin, developed by [[Genentech]] and licensed by [[Eli Lilly and Company]].<ref name="pmid|6337396">{{Cite journal
 | doi = 10.1126/science.6337396
 | last1 = Johnson | first1 = I. S.
 | title = Human insulin from recombinant DNA technology
 | journal = Science
 | volume = 219
 | issue = 4585
 | pages = 632–637
 | year = 1983
 | pmid = 6337396
| bibcode = 1983Sci...219..632J }}</ref>