Editing Religious discrimination (section)

==In Western countries==

===United States===
{{main|Religious discrimination in the United States}}
{{Further|Anti-Catholicism in the United States|Antisemitism in the United States|Discrimination against atheists in the United States|Freedom of religion in the United States}}

Religious discrimination in the [[history of the United States]] dates back to the first [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestant Christian]] [[European colonization of the Americas|European settlers]], composed mostly of [[16th-century England|English]] [[Puritans]], during the [[British colonization of the Americas|British colonization of North America]] (16th century),<ref name="Corrigan-Neal 2010">{{cite book |editor1-last=Corrigan |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Neal |editor2-first=Lynn S. |year=2010 |chapter=Religious Intolerance in Colonial America |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiKib92zBzsC&pg=PA17 |title=Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History |location=[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]] |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |pages=17–48 |doi=10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.5 |isbn=9780807833896 |s2cid=163405846 |lccn=2009044820}}</ref><ref name="Corrigan 2011">{{cite book |author-last=Corrigan |author-first=John |year=2011 |chapter=Part I: Ideologies of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America – Amalek and the Rhetoric of Extermination |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xCaQ7_H2kAC&pg=PA53 |editor1-last=Beneke |editor1-first=Chris |editor2-last=Grenda |editor2-first=Christopher S. |title=The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America |location=[[Philadelphia]] and [[Oxford]] |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |series=Early American Studies |pages=53–74 |isbn=9780812223149 |lccn=2010015803 |jstor=j.ctt3fhn13.5}}</ref> directed both towards [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] and non-Protestant [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] European settlers.<ref name="Corrigan-Neal 2010"/><ref name="Corrigan 2011"/> (''See also'' [[Colonial history of the United States]]).

In a 1979 consultation on the issue, the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]] defined religious discrimination in relation to the [[civil rights]] guaranteed by the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. Whereas religious civil liberties, such as the right to hold or not to hold a religious belief, are essential for [[Freedom of Religion]] (in the United States secured by the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]]), religious discrimination occurs when someone is denied "the equal protection of the laws, equality of status under the law, equal treatment in the administration of justice, and equality of opportunity and access to employment, education, housing, public services and facilities, and public accommodation because they exercise their right to religious freedom".<ref>U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1979: II</ref>

===Canada===
In [[Canada]], during 1995-1998, [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] had only Christian schools (four of them, Pentecostal, Roman Catholic, Seventh-day Adventist, and inter-denominational (Anglican, Salvation Army and United Church)). The right to organize publicly supported religious schools was only given to certain Christian denominations, thus tax money was used to support a selected group of Christian denominations. The denominational schools could also refuse the admission of a student or the hiring of a qualified teacher on purely religious grounds. [[Quebec]] has used two school systems, one Protestant and the other Roman Catholic, but it seems this system will be replaced with two secular school systems: one French and the other English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/related/Federal/ConstPat.asp?Language=E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003195225/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/related/Federal/ConstPat.asp?Language=E |archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=The Constitution Since Patriation |publisher=Parl.gc.ca |date=3 October 2006 |access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>

[[Ontario]] had two school systems going back before Confederation. The British North America Act (1867) gave the Provinces jurisdiction over education. Section 93 of the BNA Act offered constitutional protection for denominational schools as they existed in law at the time of Confederation. Like "Public schools", Catholic schools are fully funded from kindergarten to grade 12. However, profound demographic changes of the past few decades have made the province of Ontario a multicultural, multi-racial, and multi-religious society. The thought that one religious group is privileged to have schools funded from the public purse is often considered unacceptable in a pluralistic, multicultural, secular society.  Although it's also true that the people who send their children to those schools have a form that directs their tax dollars to that school system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ocsta.on.ca/ocsta/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/A-Short-History-of-Catholic-Schools-in-Ontario-Mark-McGowan.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141235/http://www.ocsta.on.ca/ocsta/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/A-Short-History-of-Catholic-Schools-in-Ontario-Mark-McGowan.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Canadian faith-based university [[Trinity Western University]] (TWU) is currently facing a challenge from members of the legal and [[LGBT]] community to its freedom to educate students in a private university context while holding certain "religious values", such as the freedom to discriminate against other people, including requiring students to sign a chastity oath, and denying LGBT students the same rights as straight students.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/law-societies-must-show-more-courage-on-trinity-western-application/article16023053/|title=Law societies must show more courage on Trinity Western application|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=18 December 2013|last1=Craig|first1=Elaine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/News/Canada/British-Columbia/trinity-western-university-s-law-school-approved-by-b-c-law-society-1.2606964|title=B.C. Law Society OK's Trinity Western law school despite gay sex ban - CBC News|website=cbc.ca}}</ref>  TWU faced a similar battle in 2001 (''[[Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers]]'') where the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that TWU was capable to teach professional disciplines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1867/index.do|title=Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers - SCC Cases (Lexum)|website=scc-csc.lexum.com|date=January 2001}}</ref>

On 16 June 2019, Quebec banned public servants in positions of authority from wearing visible religious symbols. The legislation was erected with the goal of promoting neutrality. Prime Minister Trudeau argues that the ban goes against the fundamental rights of the Canadian people.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/justin-trudeau-francois-legault-caq-secular-1.4848823| title = State shouldn't tell women what to wear, Trudeau says as Quebec promises ban on religious symbols {{!}} CBC News}} </ref>

===European Union===
The [[Court of Justice of the European Union]] applies aspects of [[Equal opportunity#Formal equality of opportunity|formal equality]] and [[substantive equality]] when evaluating religious discrimination.<ref name="z691">{{cite journal | last=De Vos | first=Marc | title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law | journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law | volume=20 | issue=1 | date=2020 | issn=1358-2291 | doi=10.1177/1358229120927947 | pages=62–87}}</ref>

====Germany====
{{Further|Scientology in Germany|Freedom of religion in Germany}}
[[File:Europejews.svg|thumb|[[Jewish emancipation]] in Europe]]

[[Scientology|Scientologists]] in Germany face specific political and economic restrictions. They are barred from membership in some major political parties, and businesses and other employers use so-called "sect filters" to expose a prospective business partner's or employee's association with the organization. German federal and state interior ministers started a process aimed at banning Scientology in late 2007, but abandoned the initiative a year later, finding insufficient legal grounds. Despite this, polls suggest that most Germans favor banning Scientology altogether. The [[U.S. government]] has repeatedly raised concerns over discriminatory practices directed at individual Scientologists.<ref>[[#Barber|Barber (30 January 1997)]]</ref><ref name=KentFGA>[[#Kent2001|Kent (2001)]], pp. 3, 12–13 |</ref><ref name="USS1999">[[#USDSRF1999|U.S. Department of State (1999)]]</ref>

====Greece====
In [[Greece]] since the [[Greek War of Independence|independence]] from the [[Ottoman Greece|Muslim Ottomans]] rule in the 19th century, the [[Church of Greece|Greek Orthodox Church]] has been given privileged status and only the Greek Orthodox church, Roman Catholic, some Protestant churches, Judaism and Islam are recognized religions. The Muslim minority alleges that Greece persistently and systematically discriminates against Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/01/08/greece790.htm |title=Turkish Minority Rights Violated in Greece |publisher=Hrw.org |date=8 January 1999 |access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/greece/ |title=The Turks of Western Thrace |publisher=Hrw.org |access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>

Recently, professor Nick Drydakis ([[Anglia Ruskin University]]) examined religious affiliation and employment bias in Athens, by implementing an experimental field study. Labor market outcomes (occupation access, entry wage, and wait time for call back) were assessed for three religious minorities (Pentecostal, evangelical, and Jehovah's Witnesses). Results indicate that religious minorities experience employment bias. Moreover, religious minorities face greater constraints on occupational access in more prestigious jobs compared to less prestigious jobs. Occupational access and entry wage bias is highest for religious minority women. In all cases, Jehovah's Witnesses face the greatest bias; female employers offered significantly lower entry wages to Jehovah's Witnesses than male employers.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01523.x|title = Religious Affiliation and Employment Bias in the Labor Market|journal = Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|volume = 49|issue = 3|pages = 477–493|year = 2010|last1 = Drydakis|first1 = Nick|doi-access = free}}</ref>

===Mexico===
According to a ''Human Rights Practices'' report by the ''U.S. State department'' on [[Mexico]] note that "some local officials infringe on religious freedom, especially in the south". There is a conflict between Catholic/Mayan syncretists and Protestant evangelicals in the [[Chiapas]] region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/wha/8320.htm |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices |publisher=State.gov |date=4 March 2002 |access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baptistfire.com/articles/other/mexico.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991002222613/http://www.baptistfire.com/articles/other/mexico.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 1999|title=BaptistFire - Persecution in Mexico|date=2 October 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/irf/irf_rpt/1999/irf_mexico99.html |title=U.S. Department of State Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 1999: Mexico |publisher=State.gov |access-date=13 September 2012 }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Within the [[United Kingdom]] (UK), [[Northern Ireland]] has a long history of discrimination based on the religious and political affiliations of Roman Catholics ([[Irish nationalism|Nationalists]]) and Protestants ([[Ulster loyalism|Loyalists]]). Some discrimination against Catholics was based on the idea that they were disloyal to the State. In a speech on 19 March 1935, [[Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough|Basil Brooke]] ([[Prime Minister of Northern Ireland]] (1943-1963))  spoke on the issue of employment based on religion: "I recommend those people who are loyalists not employ Roman Catholics, ninety-nine percent of whom are disloyal."<ref>{{cite book |last=Gallagher |first=Frank |author-link= |date=1957 |title=The Indivisible Island |url= |location=London |publisher=Victor Gollancz Ltd. |page=203 |isbn=}}</ref> In November 1934 the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland [[James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon|James Craig]] stated that his administration was a "Protestant Government for a Protestant People."<ref>Gallagher, Pg. 205</ref> Discrimination based on religion in Northern Ireland is alleged to have occurred in the areas of housing allocation, employment, voting rights, state benefits and with the [[Gerrymandering]] (or discriminatory [[Electoral boundary delimitation]]) to ensure election results.

An analysis of the 1,095 Northern Ireland government appointments in 1951 showed that Nationalists (comprising 34 percent of the population) received only 11.8 percent of positions in local government bodies: Borough, County, Urban and Rural District Councils.<ref>Gallagher, Pgs. 208-209</ref> A system known as [[Plural voting]] provided for property owners to cast multiple votes in elections. Plural voting ended in the UK in 1948 but remained in effect in Northern Ireland until 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/apni/1968/20/introduction|title=Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1968|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref> The [[Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association]] (NICRA) was founded in 1967. Several of the demands made by NICRA were for "One Man One Vote", the end of gerrymandering and discrimination based on religion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coogan |first=Tim Pat |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965779362 |title=The Troubles : Ireland's Ordeal 1966-1995 and the search for peace |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-78497-538-8 |location=London |page=57 |oclc=965779362}}</ref>