Editing Rotational spectroscopy (section)

====Oxygen====
The electric dipole moment of the dioxygen molecule, {{chem|O|2}} is zero, but the molecule is [[paramagnetic]] with two unpaired electrons so that there are magnetic-dipole allowed transitions which can be observed by microwave spectroscopy. The unit electron spin has three spatial orientations with respect to the given molecular rotational angular momentum vector, K, so that each rotational level is split into three states, J = K + 1, K, and K - 1, each J state of this so-called p-type triplet arising from a different orientation of the spin with respect to the rotational motion of the molecule. The energy difference between successive J terms in any of these triplets is about 2&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup> (60&nbsp;GHz), with the single exception of J = 1←0 difference which is about 4&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup>. Selection rules for magnetic dipole transitions allow transitions between successive members of the triplet (ΔJ = ±1) so that for each value of the rotational angular momentum quantum number K there are two allowed transitions. The <sup>16</sup>O nucleus has zero nuclear spin angular momentum, so that symmetry considerations demand that K have only odd values.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strandberg|first=M. W. P.|author2=Meng, C. Y. |author3=Ingersoll, J. G. |title=The Microwave Absorption Spectrum of Oxygen|journal=Phys. Rev. |date=1949|volume=75|issue=10|pages=1524–8|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.75.1524|bibcode = 1949PhRv...75.1524S |url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/4963/RLE-TR-087-14236979.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D90D2A8D5B14E50D8DE20B855FD5BAA97?sequence%3D1}}[http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/4963/RLE-TR-087-14236979.pdf pdf]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Krupenie|first=Paul H.|title=The Spectrum of Molecular Oxygen|journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data |date=1972|volume=1|issue=2|pages=423–534|doi=10.1063/1.3253101|url=https://www.nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd8.pdf|bibcode = 1972JPCRD...1..423K }}</ref>