Editing Shadow play (section)

===Turkey===
{{Main|Karagöz and Hacivat}}
[[File:Turchia, marionette karagoz, xx secolo, karagöz e hacivat (protagonista e antagonista) 02.jpg|thumb|Shadow play Karagöz puppets from Turkey]]
A more bawdy comedy tradition of shadow play was widespread throughout the [[Ottoman Empire]], possibly since the late 14th century. It was centered around the contrasting interaction between the figures [[Karagöz and Hacivat]]: an unprincipled peasant and his fussy, educated companion. Together with other characters they represented all the major social groups in Ottoman culture.<ref>Emin Şenyer: [http://www.karagoz.net/english/shadowplay.htm Karagoz Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre]</ref><ref>{{cite book | last= Schneider | first= Irene |pages= 193 | chapter= Ebussuud |editor= Michael Stolleis|title= Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert |edition= 2nd |year= 2001 |publisher= Beck |location= München |language= de |isbn= 3-406-45957-9}}</ref> The theatres had an enormous following and would take place in coffee houses and in rich private houses and even performed before the sultan. Every quarter of the city had its own Karagöz.<ref name="Lewis 1988 124–126">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Raphaela |url=http://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinot00raph |title=Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey |date=1988 |publisher=New York, NY : Dorset Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-88029-175-0 |pages=124–126}}</ref>

The Karagöz theatre consisted of a three sided booth covered with a curtain printed with branches and roses and a white cotton screen by about three feet by four which was inserted in the front. The performance had a three man orchestra who sat at the foot of a small raised stage where they would play for the audience. The show would start when the puppet master lit the oil lamp.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Raphaela |title=Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey |date=1988 |publisher=New York, NY : Dorset Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-88029-175-0 |pages=124–126}}</ref> The show could be introduced by a singer, accompanied by a tambourine player.<ref name="Alok2">Ersin Alok, "Karagöz-Hacivat: The Turkish Shadow Play", ''Skylife - Şubat'' ([[Turkish Airlines]] inflight magazine), February 1996, p. 66–69.</ref> The background and scenery would sometimes include moving ships, riders moving on horseback, swaying palm trees and even dragons. The sound effects included songs and various voices.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Puppets were made to be about 15 inches or 35–40 centimeters high and oiled to make them look translucent. The puppets were made of either horse, water buffalo or calf skin. They had movable limbs and were jointed with waxed thread at the neck, arms, waist and knees and manipulated from rods in their back and held by the finger of the puppet master. The hide is worked until it is semi-transparent; then it is colored, resulting in colorful projections.<ref name="Lewis 1988 124–126"/><ref name="Alok2">Ersin Alok, "Karagöz-Hacivat: The Turkish Shadow Play", ''Skylife - Şubat'' ([[Turkish Airlines]] inflight magazine), February 1996, p. 66–69.</ref> Karagöz theatre was also adapted in Egypt and North Africa.<ref name="light&movement1">David Robinson in ''Light and Movement'', Chapter 1, 1995</ref>