Editing Shell (projectile) (section)

==Types==
[[File:BL 12 inch Palliser shot Mk II diagram.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Palliser shot and shell|Palliser shot]] for the [[BL 12 inch naval gun Mk I - VII]], 1886]]
There are many different types of shells. The principal ones include:

===Armour-piercing shells===
{{main|armour-piercing shell}}

With the introduction of the first [[ironclad]]s in the 1850s and 1860s, it became clear that shells had to be designed to effectively pierce the ship armour. A series of British tests in 1863 demonstrated that the way forward lay with high-velocity lighter shells. The first [[armor-piercing shot and shell|pointed armour-piercing shell]] was introduced by Major Palliser in 1863. Approved in 1867, [[Palliser shot and shell]] was an improvement over the ordinary elongated shot of the time. Palliser shot was made of [[cast iron]], the head being chilled in casting to harden it, using composite molds with a metal, water cooled portion for the head.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.lycos.co.uk/Juan39/THE_HUASCAR.html|title=Build a Free Website with Web Hosting – Tripod|website=members.lycos.co.uk|access-date=15 June 2014|archive-date=20 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320054041/http://members.lycos.co.uk/Juan39/THE_HUASCAR.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Britain also deployed Palliser shells in the 1870s–1880s. In the shell, the cavity was slightly larger than in the shot and was filled with 1.5% gunpowder instead of being empty, to provide a small explosive effect after penetrating armour plating. The shell was correspondingly slightly longer than the shot to compensate for the lighter cavity. The powder filling was ignited by the shock of impact and hence did not require a fuze.<ref name="ToA1887">"[[Treatise on Ammunition]]", 4th Edition 1887, pp. 203–205.</ref> However, ship armour rapidly improved during the 1880s and 1890s, and it was realised that explosive shells with [[steel]] had advantages including better fragmentation and resistance to the stresses of firing. These were cast and forged steel.<ref name="Hogg pg 165 - 166" />

AP shells containing an explosive filling were initially distinguished from their non-HE counterparts by being called a "shell" as opposed to "shot".  By the time of the Second World War, AP shells with a [[bursting charge]] were sometimes distinguished by appending the suffix "HE". At the beginning of the war, APHE was common{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} in [[anti-tank]] shells of 75&nbsp;mm caliber and larger due to the similarity with the much larger naval armour piercing shells already in common use.  As the war progressed, ordnance design evolved so that the bursting charges in APHE became ever smaller to non-existent, especially in smaller caliber shells, e.g. [[Panzergranate 39]] with only 0.2% HE filling.

====Types of armour-piercing ammunition====
* Solid shell ("shot") - a solid penetrator that uses only initial impact energy to penetrate armour
** [[Armour-piercing shell|Armour-piercing]] (AP) 
** [[Armour-piercing ballistic capped]] (APBC) - a shot with a cover to improve aerodynamics
**  [[Armour-piercing capped]] (APC)
**  [[Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell|Armour-piercing capped ballistic capped]] (APCBC)
** [[Armour-piercing ammunition#APCR/HVAP|Armour-piercing composite rigid]] (APCR), also known as High-Velocity Armour-Piercing (HVAP)  
** [[Armour-piercing ammunition#APCNR / APSV|Armour-piercing composite non-rigid]] (APCNR), also known as Armour-Piercing Super-Velocity (APSV) - [[Squeeze bore|fired from a tapering barrel]]
**  [[Armour-piercing discarding sabot]] (APDS)
** [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot]] (APFSDS)
* Hard shell with explosives – a mostly solid shell with an explosive element that detonates, after the shell has penetrated the armour using its impact velocity
**  [[Armour-piercing ammunition#APHE / SAPHE|Armour-piercing high-explosive]] (APHE)
**  Armour-piercing high-explosive tracer (APHE-T) - an APHE with tracer in base
**  Semi-armour-piercing ([[Glossary of British ordnance terms#S.A.P.|SAP]])
**Semi-armour-piercing high-explosive (SAPHE)
** [[Semi-armor piercing high explosive incendiary|Semi-armour-piercing high-explosive incendiary]] (SAPHEI)
**  Semi-armour-piercing high-explosive incendiary tracer (SAPHEI-T)
* Indirect-penetration shell – a shell with a mechanism that is triggered upon impact to cause damage behind armour
**  [[High-explosive anti-tank warhead|High-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT)
** [[High-explosive squash head]] (HESH), also known as High-explosive plastic/plasticized (HEP)

===High-explosive shells===
{{Redirect|High-explosive shell|the material|high explosives}}
[[File:75mm melanite shell section for instruction.jpg|thumb|right|[[Picric acid]] was used in the first high-explosive shells. Cut out section of a high-explosive shell belonging to a [[Canon de 75 modèle 1897]].]]
Although smokeless powders were used as a propellant, they could not be used as the substance for the explosive warhead, because shock sensitivity sometimes caused [[detonation]] in the artillery barrel at the time of firing. [[Picric acid]] was the first high-explosive nitrated [[organic compound]] widely considered suitable to withstand the shock of firing in conventional [[artillery]]. In 1885, based on research of Hermann Sprengel, French chemist [[Eugène Turpin]] patented the use of pressed and cast picric acid in [[Rock blasting|blasting]] charges and [[artillery shell]]s. In 1887, the French government adopted a mixture of picric acid and guncotton under the name ''Melinite''. In 1888, Britain started manufacturing a very similar mixture in [[Lydd]], Kent, under the name ''Lyddite''.

Japan followed with an "improved" formula known as ''[[shimose powder]]''. In 1889, a similar material, a mixture of ammonium cresylate with trinitrocresol, or an ammonium salt of trinitrocresol, started to be manufactured under the name ''[[ecrasite]]'' in [[Austria-Hungary]]. By 1894, Russia was manufacturing artillery shells filled with picric acid. Ammonium picrate (known as ''Dunnite'' or [[explosive D]]) was used by the United States beginning in 1906.<ref name="brown">Brown, G. I. (1998) ''The Big Bang: a History of Explosives''. Sutton Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7509-1878-0}}. pp. 151–163.</ref><ref>Marc Ferro. ''The Great War''. London and New York: Routeladge Classics, p. 98.</ref> Germany began filling artillery shells with [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]] in 1902. [[Toluene]] was less readily available than phenol, and TNT is less powerful than picric acid, but the improved safety of munitions manufacturing and storage caused the replacement of picric acid by TNT for most military purposes between the World Wars.<ref name="brown"/> However, pure TNT was expensive to produce and most nations made some use of mixtures using cruder TNT and ammonium nitrate, some with other compounds included. These fills included Ammonal, Schneiderite and [[Amatol]]. The latter was still in wide use in [[World War II]].

The percentage of shell weight taken up by its explosive fill increased steadily throughout the 20th Century. Less than 10% was usual in the first few decades; by [[World War II]], leading designs were around 15%. However, British researchers in that war identified 25% as being the optimal design for [[anti-personnel]] purposes, based on the recognition that far smaller fragments than hitherto would give a better effect. This guideline was achieved by the 1960s with the 155&nbsp;mm L15 shell, developed as part of the German-British [[FH-70]] program. The key requirement for increasing the HE content without increasing shell weight was to reduce the thickness of shell walls, which required improvements in high tensile steel.

[[File:15in howitzer Menin Rd 5 October 1917.jpg|thumb|15 inch high-explosive [[howitzer]] shells, circa 1917]]
The most common shell type is [[high explosive]], commonly referred to simply as HE. They have a strong [[steel]] case, a bursting charge, and a [[Artillery fuse|fuse]]. The fuse detonates the bursting charge which shatters the case and scatters hot, sharp case pieces (''fragments'', ''splinters'') at high velocity. Most of the damage to soft targets, such as unprotected personnel, is caused by shell pieces rather than by the blast. The term "shrapnel" is sometimes used to describe the shell pieces, but [[shrapnel shell]]s functioned very differently and are long obsolete. The speed of fragments is limited by [[Gurney equations]]. Depending on the type of [[Artillery fuse|fuse]] used the HE shell can be set to burst on the ground (percussion), in the air above the ground, which is called air burst<ref>{{cite book |author1=Marc Garlasco |author2=Fred Abrahams |author3=Bill van Esveld |author4=Fares Akram |author5=Darryl Li |editor1=Joe Stock |editor2=James Ross |editor3=Iain Levine |title=Rain of Fire: Israel's Unlawful Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBXSdMCUuBIC&pg=PA3 |year=2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-458-0 |page=3}}</ref> (time or [[Proximity fuze|proximity]]), or after penetrating a short distance into the ground (percussion with delay, either to transmit more ground shock to covered positions, or to reduce the spread of fragments). Projectiles with enhanced fragmentation are called high-explosive fragmentation (HE-FRAG).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_pdf.cfm?DACH_RECNO=818 |title=Ordnance & Munitions Forecast |date=2010 |website=www.forecastinternational.com}}</ref>

[[RDX]] and TNT mixtures are the standard chemicals used, notably [[Composition B]] and [[Cyclotol]]. The introduction of "insensitive munition" requirements, agreements and regulations in the 1990s caused modern western designs to use various types of plastic bonded explosives (PBX) based on RDX.

====Common====
[[File:BL9.2inchCommonShellMkV.jpg|thumb|upright|BL 9.2 in common shell Mk&nbsp;V]]
[[Glossary of British ordnance terms#Common shell|Common shells]] designated in the early (i.e. 1800s) British explosive shells were filled with "low explosives" such as "P&nbsp;mixture" (gunpowder) and usually with a fuze in the nose. Common shells on bursting (non-detonating) tended to break into relatively large fragments which continued along the shell's trajectory rather than laterally. They had some incendiary effect.

In the late 19th century "double common shells" were developed, lengthened so as to approach twice the standard shell weight, to carry more powder and hence increase explosive effect. They suffered from instability in flight and low velocity and were not widely used.

In 1914, common shells with a diameter of 6-inches and larger were of cast steel, while smaller diameter shells were of forged steel for service and cast iron for practice.{{sfnp|Treatise on Ammunition|1915|pages= 158, 159, 198 }} They were replaced by "common lyddite" shells in the late 1890s but some stocks remained as late as 1914. In British service common shells were typically painted black with a red band behind the nose to indicate the shell was filled.

====Common pointed====
[[File:QF12&14pdrCPMkIIShellDiagram.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Glossary of British ordnance terms#Fixed QF|QF]] [[QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder]] common pointed shell]]
[[Glossary of British ordnance terms#CP|Common pointed shells]], or CP were a type of common shell used in naval service from the 1890s – 1910s which had a solid nose and a percussion fuze in the base rather than the common shell's nose fuze. The ogival two C.R.H. solid pointed nose was considered suitable for attacking shipping but was not armour-piercing – the main function was still explosive. They were of cast or forged (three- and six-pounder) steel and contained a gunpowder bursting charge slightly smaller than that of a common shell, a trade off for the longer heavier nose.{{sfnp|Treatise on Ammunition|1915|page= 161 }}

In British service common pointed shells were typically painted black, except 12-pounder shells specific for QF guns which were painted lead colour to distinguish them from 12-pounder shells usable with both BL and QF guns. A red ring behind the nose indicated the shell was filled.

By World War II they were superseded in Royal Navy service by common pointed capped (CPC) and semi-armour piercing ([[#S.A.P.|SAP]]), filled with TNT.

====Common lyddite====
[[File:BL6inchMkVIILydditeShell.jpg|thumb|upright|Common lyddite six-inch naval shell]]
[[Glossary of British ordnance terms#Common lyddite|Common lyddite shells]] were British explosive shells filled with [[Lyddite]] were initially designated "common lyddite" and beginning in 1896 were the first British generation of modern "high explosive" shells. Lyddite is [[picric acid]] fused at {{convert|280|°F|°C|abbr=on}} and allowed to solidify, producing a much denser dark-yellow form which is not affected by moisture and is easier to detonate than the liquid form. Its French equivalent was "melinite", Japanese equivalent was "shimose". Common lyddite shells "detonated" and fragmented into small pieces in all directions, with no incendiary effect. For maximum destructive effect the explosion needed to be delayed until the shell had penetrated its target.

Early shells had walls of the same thickness for the whole length, later shells had walls thicker at the base and thinning towards the nose. This was found to give greater strength and provide more space for explosive.{{sfnp|Treatise on Ammunition|1915|pages=37, 158, 159, 198 }} Later shells had [[#C.R.H.|4&nbsp;c.r. heads]], more pointed and hence streamlined than earlier 2&nbsp;c.r.h. designs.

Proper detonation of a lyddite shell would show black to grey smoke, or white from the steam of a water detonation. Yellow smoke indicated simple explosion rather than detonation, and failure to reliably detonate was a problem with lyddite, especially in its earlier usage. To improve the detonation "exploders" with a small quantity of picric powder or even of TNT (in smaller shells, 3&nbsp;pdr, 12&nbsp;pdr – 4.7&nbsp;inch) was loaded between the fuze and the main lyddite filling or in a thin tube running through most of the shell's length.

Lyddite presented a major safety problem because it reacted dangerously with metal bases. This required that the interior of shells had to be varnished, the exterior had to be painted with leadless paint and the fuze-hole had to be made of a leadless alloy. Fuzes containing any lead could not be used with it.

When World War I began Britain was replacing lyddite with modern "high explosive" (HE) such as TNT. After World War&nbsp;I the term "common lyddite" was dropped, and remaining stocks of lyddite-filled shells were referred to as HE (high explosive) shell filled lyddite. Hence "common" faded from use, replaced by "HE" as the explosive shell designation.

Common lyddite shells in British service were painted yellow, with a red ring behind the nose to indicate the shell had been filled.

====Mine shell====
{{Main|Mine shell}}
The mine shell is a particular form of HE shell developed for use in small caliber weapons such as 20&nbsp;mm to 30&nbsp;mm cannon. Small HE shells of conventional design can contain only a limited amount of explosive. By using a thin-walled steel casing of high tensile strength, a larger explosive charge can be used. Most commonly the explosive charge also was a more expensive but higher-detonation-energy type.

The ''mine shell'' concept was invented by the Germans in the Second World War primarily for use in aircraft guns intended to be fired at opposing aircraft. Mine shells produced relatively little damage due to fragments, but a much more powerful blast. The [[aluminium]] structures and skins of Second World War [[aircraft]] were readily damaged by this greater level of blast.

===Shrapnel shells===
{{Main|Shrapnel shell}}
[[File:Shrapnel (PSF).png|thumb|right|Typical World War I shrapnel round:<br>1 shell bursting charge<br>2 bullets<br>3 nose fuze<br>4 central ignition tube<br>5 resin matrix<br>6 thin steel shell wall<br>7 cartridge case<br>8 propellant]]
[[Shrapnel shell]]s are an anti-personnel munition which delivered large numbers of [[bullet]]s at ranges far greater than rifles or machine guns could attain – up to 6,500 yards by 1914. A typical shrapnel shell as used in World War I was streamlined, 75&nbsp;mm (3&nbsp;in) in diameter and contained approximately 300 lead–antimony balls (bullets), each around 1/2-inch in diameter. Shrapnel used the principle that the bullets encountered much less air resistance if they travelled most of their journey packed together in a single streamlined shell than they would if they travelled individually, and could hence attain a far greater range.

The gunner set the shell's [[Artillery fuze#Time fuzes|time fuze]] so that it was timed to burst as it was angling down towards the ground just before it reached its target (ideally about 150 yards before, and 60–100 feet above the ground<ref>I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, ''British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition''. London: Ian Allan, 1972. Page 215.</ref>). The fuze then ignited a small "bursting charge" in the base of the shell which fired the balls forward out of the front of the shell case, adding 200–250&nbsp;ft/second to the existing velocity of 750–1200&nbsp;ft/second. The shell body dropped to the ground mostly intact and the bullets continued in an expanding cone shape before striking the ground over an area approximately 250 yards × 30 yards in the case of the US 3-inch shell.<ref>Hamilton 1915, p. 13.</ref> The effect was of a large shotgun blast just in front of and above the target, and was deadly against troops in the open. A trained gun team could fire 20 such shells per minute, with a total of 6,000 balls, which compared very favorably with rifles and machine-guns.

However, shrapnel's relatively flat trajectory (it depended mainly on the shell's velocity for its lethality, and was lethal only in the forward direction) meant that it could not strike trained troops who avoided open spaces and instead used dead ground (dips), shelters, trenches, buildings, and trees for cover. It was of no use in destroying buildings or shelters. Hence, it was replaced during World War I by the high-explosive shell, which exploded its fragments in all directions (and thus more difficult to avoid) and could be fired by high-angle weapons, such as howitzers.

===Cluster and sub-munition===
Cluster shells are a type of carrier shell or cargo munition. Like [[cluster bomb]]s, an artillery shell may be used to scatter smaller sub-munitions, including anti-personnel [[grenade]]s, anti-tank top-attack munitions, and [[land mine|landmines]]. These are generally far more lethal against both [[armored fighting vehicle|armour]] and [[infantry]] than simple high-explosive shells, since the multiple munitions create a larger kill zone and increase the chance of achieving the direct hit necessary to kill armour. Many modern armies make significant use of [[cluster munition]]s in their artillery batteries.

Artillery-scattered mines allow for the quick deployment of [[minefield]]s into the path of the enemy without placing engineering units at risk, but artillery delivery may lead to an irregular and unpredictable minefield with more unexploded ordnance than if mines were individually placed.

Signatories of the [[Convention on Cluster Munitions]] have accepted restrictions on the use of cluster munitions, including artillery shells: the treaty requires that a weapon so defined must contain nine or fewer submunitions, which must each weigh more than 4 kilograms, be capable of detecting and engaging a single target, and contain electronic self-destruct and self-deactivation systems. Submunitions which weigh 20&nbsp;kg or more are not restricted.

===Chemical===
[[File:155mmMustardGasShells.jpg|thumb|right|155 mm artillery shells containing [[mustard gas|HD]] (sulfur  mustard) agent at [[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]] chemical weapons storage facility – Note the colour-coding scheme on each shell.]]
Chemical shells contain just a small explosive charge to burst the shell, and a larger quantity of a [[chemical weapon|chemical agent]] or [[riot control agent]] of some kind, in either liquid, gas or powdered form. In some cases such as the [[M687]] Sarin gas shell, the payload is stored as two precursor chemicals which are mixed after the shell is fired. Some examples designed to deliver powdered chemical agents, such as the [[M110 155mm Cartridge]], were later repurposed as smoke/incendiary rounds containing powdered [[white phosphorus]].

Chemical shells were most commonly employed during the [[First World War]]. Use of chemical agents of all kinds has been forbidden by numerous international treaties starting with the 1925 [[Geneva Protocol]] (not to be confused with the [[Geneva Convention]]), with the 1993 [[Chemical Weapons Convention]] being the most modern treaty which also outlaws production, stockpiling and transfer of such weapons. All signatories have renounced the use of both lethal chemical agents and incapacitating agents in warfare.

===Nuclear artillery===
{{main|Nuclear artillery}}

Nuclear artillery shells are used to provide battlefield scale nuclear weapons for tactical use. These range from the relatively small 155&nbsp;mm shell to the 406&nbsp;mm shell used by heavy battleship cannon and shore defense units equipped with the same guns.

===Non-lethal shells===
Not all shells are designed to kill or destroy. The following types are designed to achieve particular non-lethal effects. They are not completely harmless: smoke and illumination shells can accidentally start fires, and impact by the discarded carrier of all three types can wound or kill personnel, or cause minor damage to property.

====Smoke====
Smoke shells are used to create [[smoke screen]]s to mask movements of friendly forces or disorient enemies, or to mark specific areas. The main types are bursting (using a payload powdered chemicals) and base ejection (delivering three or four smoke canisters which are deployed from the rear of the shell prior to impact, or a single canister containing submunitions distributed via a bursting charge). Base ejection shells are a type of carrier shell or cargo munition.

Base ejection smoke is usually white, however, colored smoke has been used for marking purposes. The original canisters typically used [[hexachloroethane]]-[[zinc]] (HC), modern ones use [[Allotropes of phosphorus#Red phosphorus|red phosphorus]] because of its multi-spectral properties. However, other compounds have been used; in World War II, Germany used [[Oleum#Explosives manufacture|oleum]] (fuming [[sulfuric acid]]) and [[pumice]].

Due to the nature of their payload, powder smoke shells using [[white phosphorus]] in particular have a secondary effect as [[incendiary device|incendiary]] weapons, though they are not as effective in this role as dedicated weapons using [[thermite]].

==== Illumination ====<!-- This section is linked from [[Starshell]] and [[Star shell]] -->
[[File:British 4 inch 35 lb star shell 1943 diagram.jpg|thumb|upright|British World War&nbsp;II 4-inch naval illuminating shell, showing [[Artillery fuze#Time fuzes|time fuze]] (orange, top), illuminating compound (green) and parachute (white, bottom)]]
Modern illuminating shells are a type of carrier shell or cargo munition. Those used in World War&nbsp;I were shrapnel pattern shells ejecting small burning "pots".

A modern illumination shell has a time fuze that ejects a flare "package" through the base of the carrier shell at a standard height above ground (typically about 600&nbsp;metres), from where it slowly falls beneath a non-flammable [[parachute]], illuminating the area below. The ejection process also initiates a [[pyrotechnics|pyrotechnic]] flare emitting white or "black" [[infrared]] light.

[[File:Flares fired by M777 howitzers to illuminate during Operation Tora Arwa V in the Kandahar province Aug. 2 2009.jpg|thumb|left|Illumination rounds fired from a [[M777 howitzer]]]]
Typically illumination flares burn for about 60&nbsp;seconds. These are also known as ''star shells''. Infrared illumination is a more recent development used to enhance the performance of night-vision devices. Both white- and black-light illuminating shells may be used to provide continuous illumination over an area for a period of time and may use several dispersed aimpoints to illuminate a large area. Alternatively, firing single illuminating shells may be coordinated with the adjustment of HE shell fire onto a target.

Colored flare shells have also been used for target marking and other signaling purposes.
{{clear}}

====Carrier====
The carrier shell is simply a hollow carrier equipped with a fuze that ejects the contents at a calculated time. They are often filled with [[airborne leaflet propaganda|leaflet]]s (see external links), but can be filled with anything that meets the weight restrictions and is able to withstand the shock of firing. Famously, on Christmas Day 1899 during the [[siege of Ladysmith]], the [[Afrikaner|Boer]]s fired into Ladysmith a carrier shell without a fuze, which contained a [[Christmas pudding]], two [[Union Flag]]s and the message "compliments of the season". The shell is still kept in the museum at Ladysmith.

====Proof shot====
{{Main|Proof test}}
A [[proof shot]] is not used in combat but to confirm that a new gun barrel can withstand operational stresses. The proof shot is heavier than a normal shot or shell, and an oversize propelling charge is used, subjecting the barrel to greater than normal stress. The proof shot is inert (no explosive or functioning filling) and is often a solid unit, although water, sand or iron powder filled versions may be used for testing the gun mounting. Although the proof shot resembles a functioning shell (of whatever sort), so that it behaves as a real shell in the barrel, it is not aerodynamic as its job is over once it has left the muzzle of the gun. Consequently, it travels a much shorter distance and is usually stopped by an earth bank, for safety.

The gun, operated remotely for safety in case it fails, fires the proof shot, and is then inspected for damage. If the barrel passes the examination, "[[proof mark]]s" are added to the barrel. The gun can be expected to handle normal ammunition, which subjects it to less stress than the proof shot, without being damaged.

===Guided shells===
{{main|Cannon-launched guided projectile|Precision-guided munition}}
Guided or "smart" ammunition features some method of guiding itself post-launch, usually through the addition of steering fins that alter its trajectory in an unpowered glide. Due to their much higher cost, they have yet to supplant unguided munitions in all applications.
<gallery>
Image:XM982 Excalibur inert.jpg|[[M982 Excalibur]], a GPS guided artillery shell
Image:Copperhead and tank.JPEG|[[M712 Copperhead]], a laser guided artillery shell, approaches a target tank
Image:SMArt 155 SubMunition for Artillery 2 cutaway.jpg|[[SMArt 155]], an anti-armour shell containing two autonomous, sensor-guided, [[fire-and-forget]] submunitions
File:XM1156-PGK.svg|[[M1156 precision guidance kit]], an add-on GPS guidance system for artillery shells
File:BONUS 155 mm.jpg|[[Bofors/Nexter Bonus]], with [[Infrared sensor|infrared]] and [[Lidar|LiDAR]] guided submunitions
</gallery>