Editing Steller's eider (section)

=== Disease ===
Steller’s eiders transport the [[Avian influenza|Avian Influenza]] virus between Eurasia and North America during their migrations.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Ip|first1=Hon S|last2=Flint|first2=Paul L|last3=Franson|first3=J Christian|last4=Dusek|first4=Robert J|last5=Derksen|first5=Dirk V|last6=Gill|first6=Robert E|last7=Ely|first7=Craig R|last8=Pearce|first8=John M|last9=Lanctot|first9=Richard B|last10=Matsuoka|first10=Steven M|last11=Irons|first11=David B|date=2008-06-04|title=Prevalence of Influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds in Alaska: Patterns of variation in detection at a crossroads of intercontinental flyways|journal=Virology Journal|volume=5|issue=1|page=71|doi=10.1186/1743-422x-5-71|pmid=18533040|pmc=2435106|issn=1743-422X |doi-access=free }}</ref> Many recent studies have reported prominent infection rates amongst Steller’s eiders in Alaska, ranging from 0.2% to 5%.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Heather M.|last2=Hall|first2=Jeffery S.|last3=Flint|first3=Paul L.|last4=Franson|first4=J. Christian|last5=Ely|first5=Craig R.|last6=Schmutz|first6=Joel A.|last7=Samuel|first7=Michael D.|date=2013-03-05|editor-last=Schnell|editor-first=Matthias Johannes|title=High Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Avian Influenza Viruses among Wild Waterfowl in Alaska: Implications for Surveillance|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=e58308|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058308|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3589273|pmid=23472177|bibcode=2013PLoSO...858308W|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramey|first1=Andrew M.|last2=Pearce|first2=John M.|last3=Reeves|first3=Andrew B.|last4=Franson|first4=J. Christian|last5=Petersen|first5=Margaret R.|last6=Ip|first6=Hon S.|date=2011-07-16|title=Evidence for limited exchange of avian influenza viruses between seaducks and dabbling ducks at Alaska Peninsula coastal lagoons|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-011-1059-z|journal=Archives of Virology|volume=156|issue=10|pages=1813–1821|doi=10.1007/s00705-011-1059-z|pmid=21766196|bibcode=2011ArcV..156.1813R |s2cid=19486083|issn=0304-8608|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It has been suggested that 80% of Steller’s eiders in Alaska are carriers of avian influenza [[Antibody|antibodies]].<ref name=":12" />

[[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']] has also been reported in Alaska-breeding Steller’s eiders and is thought to be linked to wastewater from local human communities and industrialization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hollmén|first1=Tuula E.|last2=DebRoy|first2=Chitrita|last3=Flint|first3=Paul L.|last4=Safine|first4=David E.|last5=Schamber|first5=Jason L.|last6=Riddle|first6=Ann E.|last7=Trust|first7=Kimberly A.|date=2011|title=Molecular typing of Escherichia coli strains associated with threatened sea ducks and near-shore marine habitats of south-west Alaska|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00220.x|journal=Environmental Microbiology Reports|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=262–269|doi=10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00220.x|pmid=23761259|bibcode=2011EnvMR...3..262H |issn=1758-2229|url-access=subscription}}</ref>