Editing Swedish language (section)

==Dialects==
[[File:R-pronounciation in Swedish language.JPG|thumb|[[Isogloss]] for the pronunciation of "R" ({{Circa|1960}}), being [[Alveolar trill|alveolar]] north of the boundary and [[guttural R|uvular]] ("French R") south of it. It follows that the R+S combination is pronounced as spelled south of the boundary, while pronounced {{IPAblink|ʂ}} (similar to "sh" in "shark") north of it. This isogloss is the most imperative of all Swedish pronunciation differences.]]
{{Main|Swedish dialects}}
According to a traditional division of Swedish [[dialect]]s, there are six main groups of dialects:<ref>{{Harvnb|Leinonen|2011}};{{Harvnb|Dahl|2000|pp=117–119}}; Lars-Erik Edlund "Språklig variation i tid och rum" in {{harvnb|Dahl|Edlund|2010|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hur många dialekter finns det i Sverige? Var går gränsen mellan olika dialekter?|url=http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/sprak/dialekter/fragor-och-svar-om-dialekter/faq/2013-10-21-hur-manga-dialekter-finns-det-i-sverige-var-gar-gransen-mellan-olika-dialekter.html|publisher=Institutet för språk och folkminnen|access-date=2 March 2018|date=3 February 2017|language=sv|archive-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105756/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/sprak/dialekter/fragor-och-svar-om-dialekter/faq/2013-10-21-hur-manga-dialekter-finns-det-i-sverige-var-gar-gransen-mellan-olika-dialekter.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Norrland dialects]]
* [[Finland Swedish]]
* [[Svealand Swedish|Svealand dialects]]
* [[Gutnish|Gotland dialects]]
* [[Götamål dialect|Götaland dialects]]
* [[South Swedish dialects]]

The traditional definition of a Swedish [[dialect]] has been a local variant that has not been heavily influenced by the standard language and that can trace a separate development all the way back to [[Old Norse]]. Many of the genuine rural dialects, such as those of [[Orsa, Sweden|Orsa]] in [[Dalarna]] or [[Närpes]] in [[Ostrobothnia (administrative region)|Österbotten]], have very distinct phonetic and grammatical features, such as plural forms of verbs or archaic [[case (linguistics)|case]] inflections. These dialects can be near-incomprehensible to a majority of Swedes, and most of their speakers are also fluent in Standard Swedish. The different dialects are often so localized that they are limited to individual [[parish]]es and are referred to by Swedish linguists as ''sockenmål'' (lit., "parish speech"). They are generally separated into six major groups, with common characteristics of prosody, grammar and vocabulary. One or several examples from each group are given here. Though each example is intended to be also representative of the nearby dialects, the actual number of dialects is several hundred if each individual community is considered separately.<ref>{{Harvnb|Engstrand|2004|p=120}}; {{Harvnb|Pettersson|1996|p=184}}</ref>

This type of classification, however, is based on a somewhat romanticized [[nationalism|nationalist]] view of ethnicity and language. The idea that only rural variants of Swedish should be considered "genuine" is not generally accepted by modern scholars. No dialects, no matter how remote or obscure, remained unchanged or undisturbed by a minimum of influences from surrounding dialects or the standard language, especially not from the late 19th century onwards with the advent of [[mass media]] and advanced forms of transport. The differences are today more accurately described by a scale that runs from "standard language" to "rural dialect" where the speech even of the same person may vary from one extreme to the other depending on the situation. All Swedish dialects with the exception of the highly diverging forms of speech in [[Dalarna]], [[Norrbotten]] and, to some extent, [[Gotland]] can be considered to be part of a common, mutually intelligible [[dialect continuum]]. This continuum may also include [[Norwegian dialects|Norwegian]] and some [[Danish dialects]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Dahl|2000|pp=117–119}}</ref>

===Standard Swedish===
[[Standard Swedish]] is the language used by virtually all Swedes and most [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedish-speaking Finns]]. It is called ''rikssvenska'' or ''standardsvenska'' ("Standard Swedish") in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |title=standardspråk |url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/standardspr%C3%A5k |publisher=Nationalencyklopedin AB |access-date=3 March 2018 |language=sv |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225120/https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/standardspr%C3%A5k |url-status=live }}</ref> In Finland, ''högsvenska'' ("High Swedish") is used for the Finnish variant of standard Swedish and ''rikssvenska'' refers to Swedish as spoken in Sweden in general.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mattfolk|first1=Leila|title=Do answers to a questionnaire give reliable data?|url=http://www.nordiska.uu.se/ICLaVE2/Kristiansen_w/Mattfolkw.pdf|publisher=Helsinki University|access-date=3 March 2018|quote=Employees on radio and television do not always follow the same Swedish norm. What do you think about them using their own ordinary spoken language instead of standard Finland-Swedish (''högsvenska'') in the broadcasted programs?|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041102231321/http://www.nordiska.uu.se/ICLaVE2/Kristiansen_w/Mattfolkw.pdf|archive-date=2 November 2004}}</ref>

In a poll conducted in 2005 by the [[Swedish Retail Institute]] (''Handelns Utredningsinstitut''), the attitudes of Swedes to the use of certain dialects by salesmen revealed that 54% believed that ''rikssvenska'' was the variety they would prefer to hear when speaking with salesmen over the phone, even though dialects such as ''gotländska'' or ''[[Scanian dialect|skånska]]'' were provided as alternatives in the poll.<ref>{{citation|last=Aronsson |first=Cecilia |url=http://www.di.se/Nyheter/?page=/Avdelningar/Artikel.aspx%3FArticleID%3D2005%5C05%5C03%5C142710%26words%3Drikssvenska%26SectionID%3DEttan%26menusection%3DStartsidan%3BHuvudnyheter |title=Norrländska låter bäst |work=[[Dagens Industri]] |date=3 May 2005 |access-date=24 August 2007 |quote=Norrländska och rikssvenska är de mest förtroendeingivande dialekterna. Men gotländska och värmländska gör svenskarna misstänksamma, enligt en ny riksomfattande undersökning. Handelns utredningsinstitut (HUI) har frågat 800 svenskar om hur de uppfattar olika dialekter som de hör i telefonservicesamtal, exempelvis från försäljare eller upplysningscentraler. Undersökningen visar att 54 procent föredrar att motparten pratar rikssvenska, vilket troligen hänger ihop med dess tydlighet. Men även norrländskan plockar höga poäng – 25 procent tycker att det är den mest förtroendeingivande dialekten. Tilltron till norrländska är ännu större hos personer under 29 år, medan stödet för rikssvenska är störst bland personer över 55 år. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013152413/http://www.di.se/Nyheter/?page=%2FAvdelningar%2FArtikel.aspx%3FArticleID%3D2005%5C05%5C03%5C142710&words=rikssvenska&SectionID=Ettan&menusection=Startsidan%3BHuvudnyheter |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Finland Swedish===
{{Main|Finland Swedish|Åland Swedish}}
Finland was a part of Sweden from the 13th century until the loss of the Finnish territories to [[Russia]] in 1809. Swedish was the sole administrative language until 1902 as well as the dominant language of culture and education until Finnish independence in 1917. The percentage of Swedish speakers in Finland has steadily decreased since then. The Swedish-speaking population is mainly concentrated in the coastal areas of Ostrobothnia, [[Southwest Finland]] and [[Uusimaa|Nyland]] where the percentage of Finland Swedes partly is high, with Swedish being spoken by more than 90% of the population in several municipalities, and on Åland, where Swedish is spoken by a vast majority of the population and is the only official language. Swedish is an official language also in the rest of Finland, though, with the same official status as [[Finnish language|Finnish]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.finlex.fi/sv/lagstiftning/1999/731 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009035525/http://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/ajantasa/1999/19990731 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=live |title=Finlands grundlag – Constitution of Finland}} 17 § Rätt till eget språk och egen kultur Finlands nationalspråk är finska och svenska. Vars och ens rätt att hos domstol och andra myndigheter i egen sak använda sitt eget språk, antingen finska eller svenska, samt att få expeditioner på detta språk skall tryggas genom lag. Det allmänna skall tillgodose landets finskspråkiga och svenskspråkiga befolknings kulturella och samhälleliga behov enligt lika grunder.</ref> The country's public broadcaster, [[Yle]], provides two Swedish-language radio stations, [[Yle Vega]] and [[Yle X3M]], as well a TV channel, [[Yle Fem]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://svenska.yle.fi/| title = Svenska Yle, scroll to the bottom of the page| access-date = 27 October 2016| archive-date = 26 July 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160726004333/https://svenska.yle.fi/| url-status = live}}</ref>

===Immigrant variants===
[[Rinkeby Swedish]] (after [[Rinkeby]], a suburb of northern Stockholm with a large immigrant population) is a common name among linguists for varieties of Swedish spoken by young people of foreign heritage in certain suburbs and urban districts in the major cities of Stockholm, [[Gothenburg]] and [[Malmö]]. These varieties could alternatively be classified as [[sociolect]]s, because the immigrant dialects share common traits independent of their geographical spread or the native country of the speakers. However, some studies have found distinctive features and led to terms such as Rosengård Swedish (after [[Rosengård]] in Malmö), a variant of [[Scanian dialect|Scanian]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://person.sol.lu.se/PetraBoden/papers/Ey_mannen_wazzup.htm |title=Ey, mannen! Wazzup? / På jakt efter "rosengårdssvenskan" |last=Bodén |first=Petra |publisher=Institutionen för nordiska språk och Institutionen för lingvistik, [[Lunds universitet]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506132803/http://person.sol.lu.se/PetraBoden/papers/Ey_mannen_wazzup.htm |archive-date=6 May 2008 }}</ref> A survey made by the Swedish linguist [[Ulla-Britt Kotsinas]] showed that foreign learners had difficulties in guessing the origins of Rinkeby Swedish speakers in Stockholm. The greatest difficulty proved to be identifying the speech of a boy speaking Rinkeby Swedish whose parents were both Swedish; only 1.8% guessed his native language correctly.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kotsinas|1994|p=151}}</ref>

New linguistic practices in multilingual urban contexts in fiction and hip-hop culture and rap lyrics have been introduced that go beyond traditional socio-linguistic domains.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Svendsen|first=Bente Ailin|title=Multilingual urban Scandinavia|url=https://www.academia.edu/13820691|language=en|access-date=16 July 2019|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307095648/https://www.academia.edu/13820691|url-status=live}}</ref> See also Källström (Chapter 12) and Knudsen (Chapter 13).