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Synchronous optical networking
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===Dedicated embedded data communication channels (DCCs)=== : SONET and SDH have dedicated data communication channels (DCCs) within the section and line overhead for management traffic. Generally, section overhead (''regenerator section'' in SDH) is used. According to [[ITU-T]] G.7712, there are three modes used for management:<ref name="G.7712"/> :*[[Internet Protocol|IP]]-only stack, using [[Point-to-Point Protocol|PPP]] as data-link :*[[Open Systems Interconnection|OSI]]-only stack, using LAP-D as data-link :*Dual (IP+OSI) stack using PPP or LAP-D with tunneling functions to communicate between stacks. To handle all of the possible management channels and signals, most modern network elements contain a router for the network commands and underlying (data) protocols.
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