Editing Tatar language (section)

== Grammar ==
Like other Turkic languages, Tatar is an [[agglutinative language]].<ref name=Tatar11>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatar.com.ru/grammatika.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503111707/http://www.tatar.com.ru/grammatika.php |archive-date=3 May 2020 |title=Грамматика татарского языка}}</ref>

=== Nouns ===
Tatar nouns are inflected for cases and numbers. Case suffixes change depending on the last consonants of the noun, while nouns ending in п/к are voiced to б/г (кита'''б'''ым) when a possessive suffix was added. Suffixes below are in back vowel, with front variant can be seen at [[#Phonology]] section.

{| class=wikitable
! Case
! After voiced consonants
! After nasals
! After unvoiced consonants
! Special endings
|-
! [[Nominative case|Nominative]] ({{lang|tt|баш килеш}})
| colspan=4 | –
|-
! [[Accusative case|Accusative]] ({{lang|tt|төшем килеше}})
| colspan=3 | -ны ''-nı''
| -н ''-n''
|-
! [[Genitive case|Genitive]] ({{lang|tt|иялек килеше}})
| colspan=4 | -ның ''-nıñ''
|-
! [[Dative case|Dative]] ({{lang|tt|юнәлеш килеше}})
| colspan=2 | -га ''-ğa''
| -ка ''-qa''
| -а, -на ''-a'', ''-na''
|-
! [[Locative case|Locative]] ({{lang|tt|урын-вакыт килеше}})
| colspan=2 | -да ''-da''
| -та ''-ta''
| -нда ''-nda''
|-
! [[Ablative case|Ablative]] ({{lang|tt|чыгыш килеше}})
| -дан ''-dan''
| -нан ''-nan''
| -тан ''-tan''
| -ннан ''-nnan''
|-
! colspan=5 | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -лар ''-lar''
| -нар ''-nar''
| colspan=2 | -лар ''-lar''
|-
! Accusative
| -ларны ''-larnı''
| -нарны ''-narnı''
| colspan=2 | -ларны ''-larnı''
|-
! Genitive
| -ларның ''-larnıñ''
| -нарның ''-narnıñ''
| colspan=2 | -ларның ''-larnıñ''
|-
! Dative
| -ларга ''-larğa''
| -нарга ''-narğa''
| colspan=2 | -ларга ''-larğa''
|-
! Locative
| -ларда ''-larda''
| -нарда ''-narda''
| colspan=2 | -ларда ''-larda''
|-
! Ablative
| -лардан ''-lardan''
| -нардан ''-nardan''
| colspan=2 | -лардан ''-lardan''
|}

The declension of possessive suffixes is even more irregular, with the dative suffix -а used in 1st singular and 2nd singular suffixes, and the accusative, dative, locative, and ablative endings -н, -на, -нда, -ннан is used after 3rd person possessive suffix. Nouns ending in -и, -у, or -ү, although phonologically vowels, take consonantic endings.<ref name="Burbiel">{{cite book |url=https://ibt.org.ru/sites/default/files/files/TTR_Gram_R_web.pdf |title=Tatar Grammar: А Grammar of the Contemporary Tatar Literary Language |first=Gustav |last=Burbiel |year=2018 |publisher=Institute for Bible Translation |isbn=978-5-93943-259-7}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
! Person
! After consonants
! After vowels
|-
! 1st singular
| -ым ''-ım''
| -м ''-m''
|-
! 2nd singular
| -ың ''-ıñ''
| -ң ''-ñ''
|-
! 3rd
| -ы ''-ı''
| -сы ''-sı''
|-
! 1st plural
| -ыбыз ''-ıbız''
| -быз ''-bız''
|-
! 2nd plural
| -ыгыз ''-ığız''
| -гыз ''-ğız''
|}

=== Declension of pronouns ===
The declension of personal and demonstrative pronouns tends to be irregular. Irregular forms are in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"
|+ Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="3" | Singular !! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! I || you (sg.), thou || he, she, it || we || you (pl.) || they
|-
! Nominative
| мин ''min'' || син ''sin'' || ул ''ul'' || без ''bez'' || сез ''sez'' || алар ''alar''
|-
! Accusative
| '''мине''' ''mine'' || '''сине''' ''sine'' || '''аны''' ''anı'' || безне ''bezne'' || сезне ''sezne'' || аларны ''alarnı''
|-
! Genitive
| '''минем''' ''minem'' || '''синең''' ''sineñ'' || '''аның''' ''anıñ'' || безнең ''bezneñ'' || сезнең ''sezneñ'' || аларның ''alarnıñ''
|-
! Dative
| '''миңа''' ''miña'' || '''сиңа''' ''siña'' || '''аңа''' ''aña'' || безгә ''bezgä'' || сезгә ''sezgä'' || аларга ''alarğa''
|-
! Locative
| миндә ''mindä'' || синдә ''sindä'' || '''анда''' ''anda'' || бездә ''bezdä'' || сездә ''sezdä'' || аларда ''alarda''
|-
! Ablative
| миннән ''minnän'' || синнән ''sinnän'' || '''аннан''' ''annan'' || бездән ''bezdän'' || сездән ''sezdän'' || алардан ''alardan''
|}

{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"

|+ Demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! "This" || "That" || "These" || "Those"
|-
! Nominative
| бу ''bu'' || шул ''şul'' || болар ''bolar'' || шулар ''şular''
|-
! Accusative
| '''моны''' ''monı'' || '''шуны''' ''şunı'' || боларны ''bolarnı'' || шуларны ''şularnı''
|-
! Genitive
| '''моның''' ''monıñ'' || '''шуның''' ''şunıñ'' || боларның ''bolarnıñ'' || шуларның ''şularnıñ''
|-
! Dative
| '''моңа''' ''moña'' || '''шуңа''' ''şuña'' || боларга ''bolarğa'' || шуларга ''şularğa''
|-
! Locative
| '''монда''' ''monda'' || '''шунда''' ''şunda'' || боларда ''bolarda'' || шуларда ''şularda''
|-
! Ablative
| '''моннан''' ''monnan'' || '''шуннан''' ''şunnan'' || болардан ''bolardan'' || шулардан ''şulardan''
|}

{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"

|+ Interrogative pronouns
|-
! Case !! Who? !! What?
|-
! Nominative
| кем ''kem'' || нәрсә ''närsä''
|-
! Accusative
| кемне ''kemne'' || нәрсәне ''närsäne''
|-
! Genitive
| кемнең ''kemneñ'' || нәрсәнең ''närsäneñ''
|-
! Dative
| кемгә ''kemgä'' || нәрсәгә ''närsägä''
|-
! Locative
| кемдә ''kemdä'' || нәрсәдә ''närsädä''
|-
! Ablative
| кемнән ''kemnän'' || нәрсәдән ''närsädän''
|}

=== Verbs ===
{| class=wikitable
! Tense
! After voiced consonants
! After unvoiced consonants
! After vowels
|-
! Present
| colspan=2 | -а ''-a''
| -ый ''-ıy''
|-
! Definite past
| -ды ''-dı''
| -ты ''-tı''
| -ды ''-dı''
|-
! Indefinite past
| -ган ''-ğan''
| -кан ''-qan''
| -ган ''-ğan''
|-
! Definite future
| colspan=2 | -ачак ''-açaq''
| -ячак ''-yaçaq''
|-
! Indefinite future
| colspan=2 | -ар/ыр ''-ar/-ır''
| -р ''-r''
|-
! Conditional
| colspan=3 | -са ''-sa''
|-
! colspan=4 | Non-finite tenses
|-
! Present participle
| colspan=3 | -учы ''-uçı''
|-
! Past participle
| -ган ''-ğan''
| -кан ''-qan''
| -ган ''-ğan''
|-
! Future participle
| colspan=2 | -асы ''-ası''
| -ыйсы ''-ıysı''
|-
! Definite future participle
| colspan=3 | -ачак ''-açaq''
|-
! Indefinite future participle
| colspan=2 | -ар/-ыр ''-ar/ır''
| -р ''-r''
|-
! Verbal participle
| colspan=2 | -ып ''-ıp''
| -п ''-p''
|-
! Pre-action gerund
| -ганчы ''-ğançı''
| -канчы ''-qançı''
| -ганчы ''-ğançı''
|-
! Post-action gerund
| -гач ''-ğaç''
| -кач ''-qaç''
| -гач ''-ğaç''
|-
! Verbal noun
| colspan=3 | -у
|-
! rowspan=2 | Infinitive
| colspan=3 | -мак ''-maq''
|-
| colspan=2 | -арга/-ырга ''-arğa/ırğa''
| -рга ''-rğa''
|}
The distribution of present tense suffixes is complicated, with the former (also with vowel harmony) is used with verb stems ending in consonants, and the latter is used with verb stem ending in vowels (with the last vowel being deleted, {{wikt-lang|tt|эшләү}} – эшл'''и''', compare [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ''işlemek'' – continuous ''işl'''iyor'''''). The distribution of indefinite future tense is more complicated in consonant-ending stems, it is resolved by -арга/-ырга infinitives (язарга – яз'''ар'''). However, because some have verb citation forms in verbal noun (-у), this rule becomes somewhat unpredictable.

Tenses are negated with -ма, however in the indefinite future tense and the verbal participle they become -мас and -мыйча instead, respectively. Alongside vowel-ending stems, the suffix also becomes -мый when negates the present tense. To form interrogatives, the suffix -мы is used.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Personal inflections
! Type
! 1st singular
! 2nd singular
! 3rd singular
! 1st plural
! 2nd plural
! 3rd plural
|-
! I
| -мын/-м ''-mın/-m''
| -сың ''-sıñ''
| -∅
| -быз ''-bız''
| -сыз ''-sız''
| -лар/-нар ''-lar/-nar''
|-
! II
| -м ''-m''
| -ң ''-ñ''
| -∅
| -к ''-q, -k''
| -гыз ''-ğız''
| -лар/-нар ''-lar/-nar''
|-
! Imperative
| -ыйм ''-ıym''
| -∅
| -сын ''-sın''
| -ыйк ''-ıyq''
| -(ы)гыз ''-ığız''
| -сыннар ''-sınnar''
|}

Definite past and conditional tenses use type II personal inflections instead. When in the case of present tense, short ending (-м) is used. After vowels, the first person imperative forms deletes the last vowel, similar to the present tense does ({{wikt-lang|tt|эшләү}} – эшл'''им'''). Like plurals of nouns, the suffix -лар change depending the preceding consonants (-алар, but -ганнар).

==== Anomalous verbs ====
Some verbs, however, fall into this category. Dozens of them have irregular stems with a final mid vowel, but obscured on the infinitive ({{wikt-lang|tt|уку}} – ук'''ы''', ук'''ый''', {{wikt-lang|tt|төзү}} – төз'''е''', төз'''и'''). The verbs кору "to build", тану "to disclaim", ташу "to spill" have contrastive meanings with verbs with their final vowelled counterparts, meaning "to dry", "to know", "to carry".

The verb {{wikt-lang|tt|дию}} "to say" is significantly more irregular than any other verbs: its 2nd person singular imperative is диген, while its expected regular form is repurposed as the present tense forms (дим, диң, ди...).<ref name="Burbiel" />

=== Predicatives ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! After voiced consonants
! After unvoiced consonants
|-
! 1st singular
| colspan=2 | -мын ''-mın''
|-
! 2nd singular
| colspan=2 | -сың ''-sıñ''
|-
! 3rd
| -дыр ''-dır''
| -тыр ''-tır''
|-
! 1st plural
| colspan=2 | -быз ''-bız''
|-
! 2nd plural
| colspan=2 | -сыз ''-sız''
|}

These predicative suffixes have now fallen into disuse, or rarely used.<ref>{{cite book |title=Татар грамматикасы |volume=2 |edition=2 |last=Зәкиев |first=М.З. |location=Казан |publisher=ТӘһСИ |year=2016 |pages=56{{hyphen}}57|url= http://antat.ru/ru/iyli/publishing/book/2016/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_2.pdf#page=55}}</ref>