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==Technical specifications== [[File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Motherboard-Top.jpg|thumb|250px|Top view of the motherboard for the TurboGrafx-16]] The TurboGrafx-16 uses a [[Hudson Soft HuC6280]] CPUβan [[8-bit]] CPU running at 7.16 [[Hertz|MHz]] paired with two 16-bit graphics processors, a [[Hudson Soft HuC6270|HuC6270]] video display controller and a HuC6260 video color encoder.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States patent 5059955|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5059955}}</ref> It includes 8 [[kilobyte|KB]] of [[Random access memory|RAM]], 64 KB of [[Video RAM]], and the ability to display 482 colors at once from a 512-color [[palette (computing)|palette]]. The sound hardware, built into the CPU, includes a [[programmable sound generator]] running at 3.58 MHz and a 5-10 bit stereo PCM. TurboGrafx-16 games use the [[HuCard]] [[ROM cartridge]] format, thin credit card-sized cards that insert into the front slot of the console. PC Engine HuCards have 38 connector pins. TurboGrafx-16 HuCards (alternatively referred to as "TurboChips") reverse eight of these pins as a region lockout method. The power switch on the console also acts as a lock that prevents HuCards from being removed while the system is powered on. The European release of the TurboGrafx-16 did not have its own PAL-formatted HuCards as a result of its limited release, with the system instead supporting standard HuCards and outputting a PAL 50 Hz video signal.<ref name="Gamasutra"/> ===Peripherals=== [[File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Controller-FR.jpg|thumb|The TurboGrafx-16 TurboPad]] In Japan, the PC Engine was originally sold with a standard controller known simply as the Pad. It has a rectangular shape with a directional pad, two action buttons numbered "I" and "II", and two rubber "Select" and "Run" buttons, matching the number of buttons on the [[Nintendo Entertainment System#Controllers|Famicom's primary controller]] (as well as a standard NES controller). Another controller known as the TurboPad was also launched separately with the console, which added two "Turbo" switches for the I and II buttons with three speed settings. The switches allow for a single button press to register multiple inputs at once (for instance, this allows for rapid fire in scrolling shooters). The TurboPad became standard-issue with the TurboGrafx-16 in North America, as well as subsequent models of the PC Engine in Japan starting with the PC Engine Coregrafx, immediately phasing out the original PC Engine Pad. All PC Engine and TurboGrafx-16 consoles only have one controller port; in order to use multiple controllers on the same system and play multiplayer games, a separate peripheral, known in Japan as the MultiTap and in North America as the TurboTap, was required, which allowed up to five controllers to be plugged into the system. The Cordless Multitap was also available exclusively in Japan, sold as a set with a single Cordless Pad, with additional wireless controllers available separately. Due to using different diameter controller ports, PC Engine controllers and peripherals are not compatible with TurboGrafx-16 consoles and vice versa. The TurboDuo would revert to using the same controller port that the PC Engine uses, resulting in new TurboDuo-branded versions of the TurboPad and TurboTap peripherals, known as the DuoPad and the DuoTap respectively, to be made. An official TurboGrafx-16/Duo Adapter was also produced, which was an extension cable that allowed any TurboGrafx-16 controller or peripheral to be connected into the TurboDuo console (as well as any PC Engine console as a side effect). The [[Virtual Cushion]], released in 1992, allows players to feel the impact of enemy attacks through sound vibrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=System - PC Engine Virtual Cushion |url=https://www.pcengine-fx.com/TS/system_-_pc_engine_virtual_cus.html |website=www.pcengine-fx.com |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Electric Brain |date=April 1993 |location=United Kingdom |page=5 |edition=33 |url=https://archive.org/details/1993-04-electric-brain-33/page/5/mode/1up |access-date=29 July 2024 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Electronic Gaming Monthly |date=February 1993 |location=United States |page=68 |edition=43 |url=https://archive.org/details/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly_43/page/n67/mode/1up |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Many peripherals were produced for both the TurboGrafx-16 and PC Engine. The TurboStick is a tabletop joystick designed to replicate the standard control layout of arcade games from the era. Other similar joystick controllers were produced by third-party manufacturers, such as the Python 4 by QuickShot and the Stick Engine by [[ASCII Corporation]]. The TurboBooster attached to the back of the system and allowed it to output composite video and stereo audio. Hudson released the Ten no Koe 2 in Japan, which enabled the ability to save progress in compatible HuCard titles. In 1991, NEC Avenue released the Avenue Pad 3, which added a third action button labelled "III" that could be assigned via a switch to function as either the Select or Run button, as many games had begun to use one of those for in-game commands. The Avenue Pad 6 was released in 1993 in conjunction with the PC Engine port of ''[[Street Fighter II: Champion Edition]]'', adding four action buttons numbered "III" through "VI"; unlike the three-button pad, these buttons did not duplicate existing buttons, and instead added new functionalities in compatible titles. Another six-button controller, the Arcade Pad 6, was released by NEC Home Electronics in 1994, replacing the TurboPad as the bundled controller of the PC Engine Duo-RX (the last model of the console).
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