Editing Turkish Cypriots (section)

==Diaspora==
{{main|Turkish Cypriot diaspora}}
There was significant Turkish Cypriot emigration from the island during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, mainly to Great Britain, Australia, and Turkey. Emigration from Cyprus has mainly been for economical and political reasons. According to the TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in 2001, 500,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in Turkey; 200,000 in Great Britain; 40,000 in Australia; some 10,000 in North America; and 5,000 in other countries.<ref name=TRNCInfo/>

A more recent estimate, in 2011, by the [[Home Affairs Committee]] states that there are now 300,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the United Kingdom<ref name=HomeAffairsCommittee/> though Turkish Cypriots themselves claim that the British-Turkish Cypriot community has reached 400,000.<ref name=StarKibris/> Furthermore, recent estimates suggest that there are between 60,000 and 120,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Australia,<ref name=StarK/><ref name=StarKibris/><ref name=BRT/> 5,000 in the United States, 2,000 in Germany, 1,800 in Canada, 1,600 in New Zealand, and a smaller community in South Africa.<ref name=StarK/>

===Turkey===
{{see also|Muhacir}}
[[File:Türkiye’ye göç eden bir Kıbrıslı Türk ailesi (1930).jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Turkish Cypriot family who migrated to Turkey in 1935]]

The first mass migration of Turkish Cypriots to Turkey occurred in 1878 when the [[Ottoman Empire]] leased Cyprus to Great Britain. The flow of Turkish Cypriot emigration to Turkey continued in the aftermath of the [[First World War]], and gained its greatest velocity in the mid-1920s. Economic motives played an important part of the continued migration to Turkey because conditions for the poor in Cyprus during the 1920s were especially harsh. Thereafter, Turkish Cypriots continued to migrate to Turkey during the [[Second World War]] in the 1940s and during the [[Cyprus conflict]] of the 1960s and 1970s.

Initially, enthusiasm to emigrate to Turkey was inflated by the euphoria that greeted the birth of the newly established Republic of Turkey and later of promises of assistance to Turks who emigrated. A decision taken by the Turkish Government at the end of 1925, for instance, noted that the Turks of Cyprus had, according to the [[Treaty of Lausanne]], the right to emigrate to the republic, and therefore, families that so emigrated would be given a house and sufficient land.<ref name="Nevzat 2005 loc=276"/> The precise number of those who emigrated to Turkey is a matter that remains unknown.<ref name="Nevzat 2005 loc=280">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|2005|loc=280}}.</ref> The press in Turkey reported in mid-1927 that of those who had opted for Turkish nationality, 5,000–6,000 Turkish Cypriots had already settled in Turkey. However, many Turkish Cypriots had already emigrated even before the rights accorded to them under the Treaty of Lausanne had come into force.<ref name="Nevzat 2005 loc=281">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|2005|loc=281}}.</ref>

Metin Heper and Bilge Criss have summarized the migration of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as follows:
{{Quotation|The first wave of immigration from Cyprus occurred in 1878 when the Ottomans were obliged to lease the island to Great Britain; at that time, 15,000 people moved to Anatolia. When the 1923 Lausanne Treaty gave the island to Great Britain another 30,000 immigrants came to Turkey.<ref name="Heper & Criss 2009 loc=92"/>}}

St. John-Jones has analyzed the migration of Turkish Cypriots during early British rule further:
{{Quotation|"[I]f the Turkish-Cypriot community had, like the Greek-Cypriots, increased by 101 percent between 1881 and 1931, it would have totalled 91,300 in 1931 – 27,000 more than the number enumerated. Is it possible that so many Turkish-Cypriots emigrated in the fifty-year period? Taken together, the considerations just mentioned suggest that it probably was. From a base of 45,000 in 1881, emigration of anything like 27,000 persons seems huge, but after subtracting the known 5,000 of the 1920s, the balance represents an average annual outflow of some 500 – not enough, probably, to concern the community’s leaders, evoke official comment, or be documented in any way which survives today".<ref name="St. John-Jones 1983 loc=56"/>}}

The Turkish Cypriot population in Turkey continued to increase at fluctuating speeds as a result of the [[Second World War]] (1939–1945).<ref name="Nevzat 2005 loc=276">{{Harvnb|Nevzat|2005|loc=276}}.</ref> According to Ali Suat Bilge, taking into consideration the mass migrations of 1878, the First World War, the 1920s early Turkish Republican era, and the Second World War, overall, a total of approximately 100,000 Turkish Cypriots had left the island for Turkey between 1878 and 1945.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bilge|1961|loc=5}}.</ref> By 31 August 1955, a statement by Turkey's Minister of State and Acting Foreign Minister, [[Fatin Rüştü Zorlu]], at the London Conference on Cyprus, estimated that the total Turkish Cypriot population (including descendants) in Turkey had reached 300,000: 
{{Quotation|Consequently, today [1955] as well, when we take into account the state of the population in Cyprus, it is not sufficient to say, for instance, that 100,000 Turks live there. One should rather say that 100,000 live there and that 300,000 Turkish Cypriots live in various parts of Turkey.<ref name=OPSI>{{cite web |author=H.M. Stationery Office|title=The Tripartite Conference on the Eastern Mediterranean and Cyprus held by the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, and Turkey |url=http://www.econbiz.de/en/search/detailed-view/doc/all/tripartite-conference-eastern-mediterranean-cyprus-held-governments-united-kingdom-great-britain-northern-ireland-greece-turkey-london-august/10003024514/?no_cache=1 |work=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1955|volume=9594|issue=18|page=22 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>}}

By 2001 the TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that 500,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in Turkey.<ref name=TRNCInfo/>

===Palestine===
Turkish Cypriots who remained in [[Cyprus]] during the early twentieth century were faced with the harsh economic conditions of the [[Great Depression]] under British rule. Consequently, many families in the poorest villages, facing debt and starvation, married off their daughters to [[Arabs]] mainly in [[Mandatory Palestine|British Palestine]], and other Arab countries,<ref>{{Harvnb|Mert|Ali-Aybar|Rize|1994|loc=95}}.</ref> in the hope that they would have a better life.<ref name="Andreou 2018">{{cite news|last1=Andreou|first1=Evie|access-date=2019-09-10|title=Searching for the missing brides of Cyprus|work=Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/07/29/searching-for-the-missing-brides-of-cyprus/|date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Paraskos 2015">{{cite journal|first1=Michael|last1=Paraskos|title=Brides for Sale, by Neriman Cahit|journal=Women's Studies|date=17 November 2015|issn=0049-7878|pages=1200–1203|volume=44|issue=8|doi=10.1080/00497878.2015.1084166|hdl=10044/1/71142|s2cid=146127415|hdl-access=free}}</ref> A [[bride price]] was normally given by the groom to the family of the girls, usually about £10–20, enough to buy several acres of land at the time, as part of the marriage arrangements.<ref name="Paraskos 2015"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Güven-Lisaniler|2003|loc=9}}.</ref> Such payments had not been part of Cypriot tradition, and Cypriots typically describe the girls in these forced marriages as having been "sold"; Arabs however, often object to this characterization.<ref name="Andreou 2018"/> Mostly between the ages of 11–18, the majority of the girls lost contact with their families in Cyprus, and while some had successful marriages and families, others found themselves little more than domestic servants, abused, or ended up working in brothels.<ref name="Paraskos 2015"/>

The marriages were sometimes arranged by brokers, who presented the prospective husbands as wealthy doctors and engineers. However, [[Neriman Cahit]], in her book ''Brides for Sale'', found that in reality many of these men had mediocre jobs or were already married with children. Unaware of these realities, Turkish Cypriot families continued to send their daughters to Palestine until the 1950s. Cahit estimates that within 30 years up to 4,000 Turkish Cypriot women were sent to Palestine to be married to Arab men.<ref name="Sabah">{{cite web |author=Sabah|title=Küçük adanın talihsiz kızları|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/fotohaber/yasam/kucuk_adanin_talihsiz_kizlari/28151|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>

In recent years second and third generation Palestinians of Turkish Cypriot origin have been applying for Cypriot citizenship; several hundred Palestinians have already been successful in obtaining Cypriot passports.<ref name="Sabah"/>

In 2012 Yeliz Shukri and Stavros Papageorghiou secured financial support for the making of a film on the subject of the "Forgotten Brides".<ref>{{Harvnb|Constandinides|Papadakis|2014|loc=30}}.</ref> The documentary, entitled ''Missing Fetine'', was released in 2018, and follows the search of Australian-born Turkish Cypriot Pembe Mentesh for her long-lost great-aunt, while investigating the fate of these Turkish Cypriot women.<ref name="Andreou 2018"/><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-09-10|last1=Ergen|first1=Hande|last2=Calvert|first2=Alana|title='Sold' to a stranger at 14: Finding Cyprus' forgotten brides|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/sold-to-a-stranger-at-14-finding-cyprus-forgotten-brides|website=SBS|publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]]}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{see also|Turks in the United Kingdom|British Cypriots}}
[[File:Kibrisyur.jpg|thumb|right|250px|There is a strong Turkish Cypriot community in London.]]

Turkish Cypriot migration to the United Kingdom began in the early 1920s, the [[British Empire]] having formally annexed Cyprus in 1914, with the residents of [[British Cyprus|British-ruled Cyprus]] becoming subjects of [[the Crown]].<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=153">{{Harvnb|Yilmaz|2005|loc=153}}</ref> Some arrived as students and tourists, while others left the island due to the harsh economic and political life during the British colony of Cyprus.<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147"/> Emigration to the United Kingdom continued to increase when the [[Great Depression]] of 1929 brought [[economic depression]] to Cyprus, with unemployment and low wages being a significant issue.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=154">{{Harvnb|Yilmaz|2005|loc=154}}</ref> During the [[Second World War]], the number of Turkish run cafes increased from 20 in 1939 to 200 in 1945 which created a demand for more Turkish Cypriot workers.<ref name="Ansari 2004 loc=151">{{Harvnb|Ansari|2004|loc=151}}</ref> Throughout the 1950s, Turkish Cypriots emigrated for economic reasons and by 1958 their number was estimated to be 8,500.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ansari|2004|loc=154}}</ref> Their numbers continued to increase each year as rumours about immigration restrictions appeared in much of the Cypriot media.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=154"/>

The 1950s also saw the arrival of many Turkish Cypriots to the United Kingdom due to political reasons; many began to flee as a result of the [[EOKA]] struggle and its aim of "[[enosis]]".<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147"/> Once the ethnic cleansing broke out in 1963, and some 25,000 Turkish Cypriots became internally displaced, accounting to about a fifth of their population.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cassia|2007|loc=236}}</ref> The political and economic unrest in Cyprus, after 1964, sharply increased the number of Turkish Cypriot immigrants to the United Kingdom.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=154"/> Many of these early migrants worked in the clothing industry in London, where both men and women could work together; many worked in the [[textile industry]] as sewing was a skill which the community had already acquired in Cyprus.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bridgwood|1995|loc=34}}</ref> Turkish Cypriots were concentrated mainly in the north-east of London and specialised in the heavy-wear sector, such as coats and tailored garments.<ref>{{Harvnb|Panayiotopoulos |Dreef|2002|loc=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=London Evening Standard|title=Turkish and proud to be here|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-931666-turkish-and-proud-to-be-here.do|access-date=2 October 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110122165531/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-931666-turkish-and-proud-to-be-here.do|archive-date=22 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> This sector offered work opportunities where poor knowledge of the English language was not a problem and where self-employment was a possibility.<ref>{{Harvnb|Strüder|2003|loc=12}}</ref>

Once the Turkish Cypriots declared their own state, the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]], the division of the island led to an economic [[Embargo against Northern Cyprus|embargo against the Turkish Cypriots]] by the Greek Cypriot controlled Republic of Cyprus. This had the effect of depriving the Turkish Cypriots of foreign investment, aid and export markets; thus, it caused the [[Economy of Northern Cyprus|Turkish Cypriot economy]] to remain stagnant and undeveloped.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tocci|2004|loc=61}}</ref> Due to these economic and political issues, an estimated 130,000 Turkish Cypriots have emigrated from Northern Cyprus since its establishment to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |author=BBC |title=Turkish today by Viv Edwardss |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/turkish.shtml |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125093521/http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/turkish.shtml |archive-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Cassia|2007|loc=238}}</ref>