Editing Vertical integration (section)

===Entertainment===
From the early 1920s through the early 1950s, the American [[motion picture]] had evolved into an industry controlled by a few companies, a condition known as a "mature [[oligopoly]]", as it was led by eight [[major film studio]]s, the most powerful of which were the "Big Five" studios: [[MGM]], [[Warner Brothers]], [[20th Century Fox]], [[Paramount Pictures]], and [[RKO]].<ref name="Alberti2014">{{cite book|author=John Alberti|title=Screen Ages: A Survey of American Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J06cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|date=27 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-65028-7|pages=108–}}</ref> These studios were fully integrated, not only producing and distributing films, but also operating their own [[movie theater]]s; the "Little Three", [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]], [[Columbia Pictures]], and [[United Artists]], produced and distributed feature films but did not own theaters.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

The issue of vertical integration (also known as common ownership) has been the main focus of policy makers because of the possibility of anti-competitive behaviors affiliated with market influence. For example, in ''[[United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.]]'', the Supreme Court ordered the five vertically integrated studios to sell off their theater chains and all trade practices were prohibited (''United States v. Paramount Pictures'', Inc., 1948).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Oba | first1 = Goro | last2 = Chan-Olmstead | first2 = Sylvia | year = 2006 | title = Self-Dealing or Market Transaction?: An Exploratory Study of Vertical Integration in the U.S. Television Syndication Market | journal = Journal of Media Economics | volume = 19 | issue = 2| pages = 99–118 | doi=10.1207/s15327736me1902_2| s2cid = 153386365 }}</ref> The prevalence of vertical integration wholly predetermined the relationships between both studios and networks{{Clarify|date=September 2012}} and modified criteria in financing. Networks began arranging content initiated by commonly owned studios and stipulated a portion of the syndication revenues in order for a show to gain a spot on the schedule if it was produced by a studio without common ownership.<ref>[[Amanda D. Lotz|Lotz, Amanda D.]] (2007) "The Television Will Be Revolutionized". New York, NY: New York University Press. p.87</ref> In response, the studios fundamentally changed the way they made movies and did business. Lacking the financial resources and contract talent they once controlled, the studios now relied on independent producers supplying some portion of the budget in exchange for distribution rights.<ref>{{cite book|author1=McDonald, P.|author2=Wasko, J.|name-list-style=amp|title=The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry|year=2008|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|location=Australia|isbn=9781405133876|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contemporaryholl0000unse/page/14 14–17]|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryholl0000unse/page/14}}</ref>

Certain [[media conglomerates]] may, in a similar manner, own television broadcasters (either over-the-air or on cable), production companies that produce content for their networks, and also own the services that distribute their content to viewers (such as television and internet service providers). [[AT&T]], [[Bell Canada]], [[Comcast]], [[Sky plc]], and [[Rogers Communications]] are vertically integrated in such a manner{{emdash}}operating media subsidiaries (such as [[WarnerMedia]], [[Bell Media]], [[NBCUniversal]], and [[Rogers Media]]), and provide "[[Triple play (telecommunications)|triple play]]" services of television, internet, and phone service in some markets (such as [[Bell Satellite TV]]/[[Bell Internet]], [[Rogers Cable]], [[Xfinity]], and Sky's satellite TV and internet services). Additionally, Bell and Rogers own wireless providers, [[Bell Mobility]] and [[Rogers Wireless]], while Comcast is partnered with [[Verizon Wireless]] for an Xfinity-branded [[mobile virtual network operator|MVNO]]. Similarly, [[Sony]] has media holdings through its [[Sony Pictures]] division, including film and television content, as well as television channels, but is also a manufacturer of [[consumer electronic]]s that can be used to play content from itself and others, including televisions, phones, and [[PlayStation]] video game consoles. AT&T is the first ever vertical integration where a mobile phone company and a film studio company are under same umbrella.