Editing Anger (section)

===Suppression===
Modern psychologists point out that [[Expressive suppression|suppression]] of anger may have harmful effects. The suppressed anger may find another outlet, such as a physical symptom, or become more extreme.<ref name="AngerTheory"/><ref>"Anger". Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2nd ed. [[Thomson Gale|Gale Group]], 2001.</ref> John W. Fiero cites [[Los Angeles riots of 1992]] as an example of sudden, explosive release of suppressed anger. The anger was then displaced as violence against those who had nothing to do with the matter. There is also the case of [[Francine Hughes]], who suffered 13 years of domestic abuse. Her suppressed anger drove her to kill her abuser husband. It is claimed that a majority of female victims of domestic violence who suppress their aggressive feelings are unable to recognize, experience, and process negative emotion and this has a destabilising influence on their perception of agency in their relationships.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cupid's Knife: Women's Anger and Agency in Violent Relationships|last=Stein|first=Abby|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-0-415-52786-6|location=New York|page=1}}</ref> Another example of widespread deflection of anger from its actual cause toward [[scapegoating]], Fiero says, was the blaming of [[Jews]] for the economic ills of [[Germany]] by the [[Nazi]]s.<ref name="Ethics"/>

Some psychologists criticized the catharsis theory of aggression, which suggests that releasing pent-up anger reduces aggression.<ref>Evidence against catharsis theory:
* {{cite news |last=Burkeman |year=2006 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jan/26/healthandwellbeing.features |title=Anger Management |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2016-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424091453/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jan/26/healthandwellbeing.features |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Green |year=1975 |title=The facilitation of aggression by aggression: Evidence against the catharsis hypothesis |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.31.4.721 |pmid=1159613 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=721–726|citeseerx=10.1.1.366.6962 }}
Evidence for: {{cite journal |last2=Feshbach |first2=Seymour |last1=Murray |first1=Joan |title=Let's not throw the baby out with the bathwater: The catharsis hypothesis revisited |journal=Journal of Personality |volume=46 |issue=3 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb01012.x |year=1978 |pages=462–473}}</ref> On the other hand, there are experts who maintain that suppression does not eliminate anger since it merely forbids the expression of anger and this is also the case for repression, which merely hides anger from awareness.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing: A Caring Approach|last1=Davies|first1=Janet|last2=Janosik|first2=Ellen|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=1991|isbn=978-0-86720-442-1|location=Boston, MA|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthpsyc0000davi/page/107 107]|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthpsyc0000davi/page/107}}</ref> There are also studies that link suppressed anger and medical conditions such as [[hypertension]], [[coronary artery disease]], and [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anger Disorders: Definition, Diagnosis, And Treatment|last=Kassinove|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Kassinove|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|isbn=978-1-56032-352-5|location=Oxon|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Worell-2002" /> Suppressed or repressed anger is found to cause [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[eating disorder]]s, and [[Depression (mood)|depression]] among women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bowers|first1=Hannah|last2=Wroe|first2=Abigail|date=2016|title=Beliefs about emotions mediate the relationship between emotional suppression and quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome|journal=Journal of Mental Health|volume=25|issue=2|pages=154–158|via=Taylor and Francis Online|doi=10.3109/09638237.2015.1101414|pmid=26635302|s2cid=24698200}}</ref><ref name="Worell-2002" /> Suppression is also referred to as a form of "self-silencing", which is described as a cognitive activity wherein an individual monitors the self and eliminate thoughts and feelings that are perceived to be dangerous to relationships.<ref name="Worell-2002" /> Anger suppression is also associated with higher rates of suicide.<ref name="Worell-2002">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Women and Gender, Two-Volume Set: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender|last=Worell|first=Judith|publisher=Academic Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-12-227245-5|location=San Diego, CA|page=144|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9|url-access=limited}}</ref>