Editing Artificial general intelligence (section)

===Criticisms of simulation-based approaches===
The [[artificial neuron]] model assumed by Kurzweil and used in many current [[artificial neural network]] implementations is simple compared with [[biological neuron model|biological neurons]]. A brain simulation would likely have to capture the detailed cellular behaviour of biological [[neurons]], presently understood only in broad outline. The overhead introduced by full modeling of the biological, chemical, and physical details of neural behaviour (especially on a molecular scale) would require computational powers several orders of magnitude larger than Kurzweil's estimate. In addition, the estimates do not account for [[glial cells]], which are known to play a role in cognitive processes.<ref name="Discover2011JanFeb">{{Cite journal |last=Swaminathan, Nikhil |date=Jan–Feb 2011 |title=Glia—the other brain cells |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2011/jan-feb/62 |url-status=live |journal=Discover |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208071350/http://discovermagazine.com/2011/jan-feb/62 |archive-date=8 February 2014 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>

A fundamental criticism of the simulated brain approach derives from [[embodied cognition]] theory which asserts that human embodiment is an essential aspect of human intelligence and is necessary to ground meaning.<ref>{{Harvnb|de Vega|Glenberg|Graesser|2008}}. A wide range of views in current research, all of which require grounding to some degree</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Thornton |first=Angela |date=2023-06-26 |title=How uploading our minds to a computer might become possible |url=http://theconversation.com/how-uploading-our-minds-to-a-computer-might-become-possible-206804 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> If this theory is correct, any fully functional brain model will need to encompass more than just the neurons (e.g., a robotic body). Goertzel{{Sfn|Goertzel|2007}} proposes virtual embodiment (like in [[metaverse]]s like ''[[Second Life]]'') as an option, but it is unknown whether this would be sufficient.