Editing Binding problem (section)

== Cognitive science and binding ==
In modern [[connectionism]], cognitive neuroarchitectures are developed (e.g. "Oscillatory Networks",<ref>Werning, M. (2012). Non-symbolic compositional representation and its neuronal foundation: Towards an emulative semantics. In M. Werning, W. Hinzen & E. Machery (eds.), The Oxford handbook of compositionality (pp. 633–654). Oxford University Press. Oxford.</ref> "Integrated Connectionist/Symbolic (ICS) Cognitive Architecture",<ref>Smolensky, P. & Legendre, G. (2006). The harmonic mind. From neural computation to optimality-theoretic grammar. Vol. 1: Cognitive architecture. Cambridge, MA and London: A Bradford Book, The MIT Press.</ref>  "Holographic Reduced Representations (HRRs)",<ref>Plate, T. A. (2003). Holographic reduced representations. Distributed representation for cognitive structures. Center for the Study of Language and Information. Stanford, CA: Leland Stanford Junior University.</ref> "Neural Engineering Framework (NEF)"<ref>Stewart, T. C. & Eliasmith, C. (2012). Compositionality and biologically plausible models. In W. Hinzen & E. Machery & M. Werning (eds.), The Oxford handbook of compositionality. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 2012. pp. 596–615.</ref>) that solve the binding problem by means of integrative [[synchronization]] [[Mechanism (biology)|mechanism]]s (e.g. the (phase-)synchronized "Binding-by-synchrony (BBS)" mechanism)

:(1) in perceptual cognition ("low-level cognition"): This is the neurocognitive performance of how an object or event that is perceived (e.g., a visual object) is dynamically "bound together" from its properties (e.g., shape, contour, texture, color, direction of motion) as a [[mental representation]], i.e., can be experienced in the mind as a unified "Gestalt" in terms of [[Gestalt psychology]] ("feature binding", "feature linking"),

:(2) and in language cognition ("high-level cognition"): This is the neurocognitive performance of how a linguistic unit (e.g. a sentence) is generated by relating semantic concepts and syntactic roles to each other in a dynamic way so that one can generate systematic and compositional symbol structures and propositions that are experienced as complex mental representations in the mind ("variable binding").<ref>Maurer, H. (2021). Cognitive science: Integrative synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of the modern connectionism. CRC Press, Boca Raton/FL, ISBN 978-1-351-04352-6. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351043526</ref><ref>Maurer, H. (2016). „Integrative synchronization mechanisms in connectionist cognitive neuroarchitectures". Computational Cognitive Science. 2: 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40469-016-0010-8</ref><ref>Marcus, G.F. (2001). The algebraic mind. Integrating connectionism and cognitive science. Bradford Book, The MIT Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-262-13379-2. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1187.001.0001</ref><ref>Bechtel,W. & Abrahamsen, A.A. (2002). Connectionism and the Mind: Parallel Processing, Dynamics, and Evolution in Networks. 2nd Edition. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.</ref>