Editing Biometrics (section)

===Cancelable biometrics===
One advantage of passwords over biometrics is that they can be re-issued. If a token or a password is lost or stolen, it can be cancelled and replaced by a newer version. This is not naturally available in biometrics. If someone's face is compromised from a database, they cannot cancel or reissue it. If the electronic biometric identifier is stolen, it is nearly impossible to change a biometric feature. This renders the person's biometric feature questionable for future use in authentication, such as the case with the hacking of security-clearance-related background information from the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) in the United States.

Cancelable biometrics is a way in which to incorporate protection and the replacement features into biometrics to create a more secure system. It was first proposed by Ratha ''et al.''<ref>N. K. Ratha, J. H. Connell, and R. M. Bolle, "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jonathan_Connell/publication/220353130_Enhancing_Security_and_Privacy_in_Biometrics-Based_Authentication_Systems/links/555a010508ae6fd2d8281b10/Enhancing-Security-and-Privacy-in-Biometrics-Based-Authentication-Systems.pdf Enhancing security and privacy in biometrics-based authentication systems]", ''IBM Systems Journal'', vol. 40, pp. 614–634, 2001.</ref>

"Cancelable biometrics refers to the intentional and systematically repeatable distortion of biometric features in order to protect sensitive user-specific data. If a cancelable feature is compromised, the distortion characteristics are changed, and the same biometrics is mapped to a new template, which is used subsequently. Cancelable biometrics is one of the major categories for biometric template protection purpose besides biometric cryptosystem."<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Cancelable biometrics – Scholarpedia|journal = Scholarpedia|volume = 5|pages = 9201|doi = 10.4249/scholarpedia.9201|year = 2010|last1 = Hui|first1 = Lim|last2 = Jin|first2 = Andrew|doi-access = free}}</ref> In biometric cryptosystem, "the error-correcting coding techniques are employed to handle intraclass variations."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feng|first1=Y. C.|last2=Yuen|first2=P. C.|last3=Jain|first3=A. K.|date=2010-03-01|title=A Hybrid Approach for Generating Secure and Discriminating Face Template|journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security|volume=5|issue=1|pages=103–117|doi=10.1109/TIFS.2009.2038760|issn=1556-6013|citeseerx=10.1.1.389.5322|s2cid=18156337}}</ref> This ensures a high level of security but has limitations such as specific input format of only small intraclass variations.

Several methods for generating new exclusive biometrics have been proposed. The first fingerprint-based cancelable biometric system was designed and developed by Tulyakov ''et al.''<ref>S. Tulyakov, F. Farooq, and V. Govindaraju, "[https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~tulyakov/papers/tulyakov_ICAPR05_fingerprint_hash.pdf Symmetric Hash Functions for Fingerprint Minutiae]", ''Proc. Int'l Workshop Pattern Recognition for Crime Prevention, Security, and Surveillance'', pp. 30–38, 2005</ref> Essentially, cancelable biometrics perform a distortion of the biometric image or features before matching. The variability in the distortion parameters provides the cancelable nature of the scheme. Some of the proposed techniques operate using their own recognition engines, such as Teoh ''et al.''<ref>A. B. J. Teoh, A. Goh, and D. C. L. Ngo, "Random Multispace Quantization as an Analytic Mechanism for BioHashing of Biometric and Random Identity Inputs", ''IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence'', vol. 28, pp. 1892–1901, 2006.</ref> and Savvides ''et al.'',<ref>M. Savvides, B. V. K. V. Kumar, and P. K. Khosla, "'Corefaces' – Robust Shift-Invariant PCA based Correlation Filter for Illumination Tolerant Face Recognition", presented at IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'04), 2004.</ref> whereas other methods, such as Dabbah ''et al.'',<ref>M. A. Dabbah, W. L. Woo, and S. S. Dlay, "Secure Authentication for Face Recognition", presented at Computational Intelligence in Image and Signal Processing, 2007. CIISP 2007. IEEE Symposium on, 2007.</ref> take the advantage of the advancement of the well-established biometric research for their recognition front-end to conduct recognition. Although this increases the restrictions on the protection system, it makes the cancellable templates more accessible for available biometric technologies