Editing Blood transfusion (section)

=== Early attempts ===
==== Animal blood ====
[[File:Richard Lower.jpg|thumb|[[Richard Lower (physician)|Richard Lower]] pioneered the first blood transfusion from animal to human in 1665 at the [[Royal Society]].]]
Working at the [[Royal Society]] in the 1660s, the physician [[Richard Lower (physician)|Richard Lower]] began examining the effects of changes in blood volume on circulatory function and developed methods for cross-circulatory study in animals, obviating clotting by closed arteriovenous connections. The new instruments he was able to devise enabled him to perform the first reliably documented successful transfusion of blood in front of his distinguished colleagues from the Royal Society.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

According to Lower's account, "...towards the end of February 1665 [I] selected one dog of medium size, opened its jugular vein, and drew off blood, until its strength was nearly gone. Then, to make up for the great loss of this dog by the blood of a second, I introduced blood from the cervical artery of a fairly large mastiff, which had been fastened alongside the first, until this latter animal showed ... it was overfilled ... by the inflowing blood." After he "sewed up the jugular veins", the animal recovered "with no sign of discomfort or of displeasure".

Lower had performed the first blood transfusion between animals. He was then "requested by the Honorable [[Robert Boyle|[Robert] Boyle]] ... to acquaint the [[Royal Society]] with the procedure for the whole experiment", which he did in December 1665 in the Society's ''[[Philosophical Transactions]]''.<ref name="Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rivera AM, Strauss KW, van Zundert A, Mortier E | title = The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: how little plastic tubes revolutionized medicine | journal = Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 271–282 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16265830 | url = http://www.sarb.be/fr/journal/artikels_acta_2005/artikels_acta_56_3/acta_56_3_rivera.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002449/http://www.sarb.be/fr/journal/artikels_acta_2005/artikels_acta_56_3/acta_56_3_rivera.pdf | archive-date = 2014-07-15 }}</ref>

The first blood transfusion from animal to human was administered by Dr. [[Jean-Baptiste Denys]], eminent physician to [[Louis XIV|King Louis&nbsp;XIV]] of France, on June&nbsp;15, 1667.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/heart-surgery-blog/2009/01/03/first-blood-transfusion |title=The First Blood Transfusion? |publisher=Heart-valve-surgery.com |date=2009-01-03 |access-date=2010-02-09 |archive-date=2013-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216035815/http://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/heart-surgery-blog/2009/01/03/first-blood-transfusion/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He transfused the blood of a [[sheep]] into a 15-year-old boy, who survived the transfusion.<ref name="anes">{{cite web|url=https://www.anesthesia.wisc.edu/AHA/Calendar/June.html |title=This Month in Anesthesia History (archived) |access-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720122419/https://www.anesthesia.wisc.edu/AHA/Calendar/June.html |archive-date=July 20, 2011 }}</ref> Denys performed another transfusion into a labourer, who also survived. Both instances were likely due to the small amount of blood that was actually transfused into these people. This allowed them to withstand the [[allergic reaction]].

Denys's third patient to undergo a blood transfusion was Swedish Baron [[Gustaf Bonde (1620–1667)|Gustaf Bonde]]. He received two transfusions. After the second transfusion Bonde died.<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_denis.html |title=Red Gold. Innovators & Pioneers. Jean-Baptiste Denis |publisher=PBS |access-date=2010-02-09 |archive-date=2012-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110213608/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_denis.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the winter of 1667, Denys performed several transfusions on Antoine Mauroy with calf's blood.  On the third account Mauroy died.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1002/9780470986868|title=Mollison's Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine|year=2005|veditors=Klein HG, Anstee DJ|isbn=978-0-470-98686-8}}</ref>

Six months later in London, Lower performed the first human transfusion of animal blood in Britain, where he "superintended the introduction in [a patient's] arm at various times of some ounces of sheep's blood at a meeting of the Royal Society, and without any inconvenience to him." The recipient was Arthur Coga, "the subject of a harmless form of insanity." Sheep's blood was used because of speculation about the value of blood exchange between species; it had been suggested that blood from a gentle lamb might quiet the tempestuous spirit of an agitated person and that the shy might be made outgoing by blood from more sociable creatures. Coga received 20 shillings ({{Inflation|UK|1|1668|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}) to participate in the experiment.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Yale E|title=First Blood Transfusion: A History|url=http://daily.jstor.org/first-blood-transfusion/|website=[[JSTOR]]|access-date=22 April 2015|date=2015-04-22|archive-date=2015-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424181706/http://daily.jstor.org/first-blood-transfusion|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lower went on to pioneer new devices for the precise control of blood flow and the transfusion of blood; his designs were substantially the same as modern [[syringe]]s and [[catheter]]s.<ref name="Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica" /> Shortly after, Lower moved to London, where his growing practice soon led him to abandon research.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Felts JH | title = Richard Lower: anatomist and physiologist | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = 420–3 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10691601 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00023 | s2cid = 21469192 }}</ref>

These early experiments with animal blood provoked a heated controversy in Britain and France.<ref name="pbs.org" /> Finally, in 1668, the Royal Society and the French government both banned the procedure. The [[Holy See|Vatican]] condemned these experiments in 1670. Blood transfusions fell into obscurity for the next 150 years.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==== Human blood ====
[[File:James Blundell (physician).jpg|thumb|[[James Blundell (physician)|James Blundell]] successfully transfused human blood in 1818.]]
The science of blood transfusion dates to the first decade of the 20th century, with the discovery of distinct [[blood types]] leading to the practice of mixing some blood from the donor and the receiver before the transfusion (an early form of [[cross-matching]]).{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

In the early 19th century, British [[obstetrician]] Dr. [[James Blundell (physician)|James Blundell]] made efforts to treat [[hemorrhage]] by transfusion of human blood using a syringe. In 1818, after experiments with animals, he performed the first successful transfusion of human blood to treat [[postpartum hemorrhage]]. Blundell used the patient's husband as a donor, and extracted four ounces of blood from his arm to transfuse into his wife. During the years 1825 and 1830, Blundell performed 10 transfusions, five of which were beneficial, and published his results. He also invented a number of instruments for the transfusion of blood.<ref name=Ellis>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ellis H | title = James Blundell, pioneer of blood transfusion. | journal = British Journal of Hospital Medicine | date = August 2005 | volume = 68 | issue = 8 | page = 447 | url = http://www.bjhm.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=24500;article=hm_68_8_447 | doi = 10.12968/hmed.2007.68.8.24500 | pmid = 17847699 | access-date = 2013-01-01 | archive-date = 2012-03-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120331104528/http://www.bjhm.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=24500;article=hm_68_8_447 | url-status = live | url-access = subscription }}</ref> He made a substantial amount of money from this endeavour, roughly $2 million ($50 million [[real dollars]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title = Bridge Across the Abyss: Medical Myths and Misconceptions| vauthors = Madbak F |publisher = Universal-Publishers|year = 2008|isbn = 978-1-58112-987-8|page = 22}}</ref>

In 1840, at [[St George's Hospital Medical School]] in London, [[Samuel Armstrong Lane]], aided by Blundell, performed the first successful whole blood transfusion to treat [[haemophilia]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

However, early transfusions were risky and many resulted in the death of the patient. By the late 19th century, blood transfusion was regarded as a risky and dubious procedure, and was largely shunned by the medical establishment.

Work to emulate James Blundell continued in Edinburgh. In 1845 the ''[[Edinburgh Journal]]'' described the successful transfusion of blood to a woman with severe uterine bleeding. Subsequent transfusions were successful with patients of [[James Young Simpson|Professor James Young Simpson]], after whom the [[Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion]] in Edinburgh was named.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title = The History of the Blood Transfusion Service In Edinburgh| vauthors = Masson A |year = 1993|location = Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh and South East Scotland Blood Transfusion Association|oclc=28341723}}</ref>

Various isolated reports of successful transfusions emerged towards the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ok9AQAAIAAJ|title=Scientific American, 'A Successful Case of Transfusion of Blood'|year=1880|publisher=Munn & Company|pages=281|language=en|access-date=2021-06-06|archive-date=2023-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112202810/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ok9AQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest series of early successful transfusions took place at the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh|Edinburgh Royal Infirmary]] between 1885 and 1892. Edinburgh later became the home of the first blood donation and blood transfusion services.<ref name=":4" />