Editing Caliphate (section)

=== Abolition of the Caliphate (1924) ===
{{Main|Abolition of the Caliphate}}
{{See also|Atatürk's reforms}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2012}}
[[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Official portrait of [[Abdulmejid II]] as caliph]]
{{Islamism sidebar|Concepts}}

After the [[Armistice of Mudros]] of October 1918 with the military [[occupation of Constantinople]] and [[Treaty of Versailles]] (1919), the position of the Ottomans was uncertain. The movement to protect or restore the Ottomans gained force after the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] (August 1920) which imposed the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]] and gave Greece a powerful position in Anatolia, to the distress of the Turks. They called for help and the movement was the result. The movement had collapsed by late 1922.

On 3 March 1924, the first [[List of presidents of Turkey|president of the Turkish Republic]], [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], as part of [[Atatürk's Reforms|his reforms]], constitutionally abolished the institution of the caliphate.<ref name="Britannica" /> Atatürk offered the caliphate to [[Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi]], on the condition that he reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed his support for [[Abdulmejid II|Abdulmejid]].{{sfn|Özoğlu|2011|p=5; Özoğlu quotes 867.00/1801: [[Mark Lambert Bristol]] on 19 August 1924}} The title was then [[Sharifian Caliphate|claimed]] by [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca]] and [[Hejaz]], leader of the [[Arab Revolt]], but his kingdom was defeated and annexed by [[ibn Saud]] in 1925.

Egyptian scholar [[Ali Abdel Raziq]] published his 1925 book ''Islam and the Foundations of Governance''. The argument of this book has been summarised as "Islam does not advocate a specific form of government".<ref>Elizabeth Suzanne Kassab. ''Contemporary Arab Thought: Cultural Critique in Comparative Perspective''. Columbia University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0231144896}} p. 40</ref> He focussed his criticism both at those who use religious law as contemporary political proscription and at the history of rulers claiming legitimacy by the caliphate.<ref>Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino (eds). ''International Encyclopedia of Political Science'', Volume 1. Sage, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1412959636}} p. 1350.</ref> Raziq wrote that past rulers spread the notion of religious justification for the caliphate "so that they could use religion as a shield protecting their thrones against the attacks of rebels".<ref>Kemal H. Karpat. "The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State". ''Studies in Middle Eastern History''. Oxford University Press, 2001 {{ISBN|978-0195136180}} pp. 242–243.</ref>

A summit was convened at [[Cairo]] in 1926 to discuss the revival of the caliphate, but most Muslim countries did not participate, and no action was taken to implement the summit's resolutions. Though the title ''Ameer al-Mumineen'' was adopted by the King of Morocco and by [[Mullah Omar|Mohammed Omar]], former head of the [[Taliban]] of [[Afghanistan]], neither claimed any legal standing or authority over Muslims outside the borders of their respective countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

Since the end of the Ottoman Empire, occasional demonstrations have been held calling for the re-establishment of the caliphate. Organisations which call for the re-establishment of the caliphate include [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref>Jay Tolson, "Caliph Wanted: Why An Old Islamic Institution Resonates With Many Muslims Today", ''U.S News & World Report'' 144.1 (14 January 2008): 38–40.</ref> The [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] government in Turkey, a former Muslim Brotherhood ally who has adopted [[Neo-Ottomanism|Neo-Ottomanist]] policies throughout its rule, has been accused of intending to restore the caliphate.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.setav.org/en/how-to-interpret-discussions-on-ataturk-and-the-caliphate/ |title=How to interpret discussions on Atatürk and the caliphate |journal=[[Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research|SETA]] |date=4 August 2020 |access-date=7 January 2024 |last=Duran |first=Burhanettin |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107002225/https://www.setav.org/en/how-to-interpret-discussions-on-ataturk-and-the-caliphate/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Khilafat Movement (1919–1924) ====
{{Main|Khilafat Movement}}
{{See also|Partition of the Ottoman Empire}}
The [[Khilafat Movement]] was launched by Muslims in [[British India]] in 1920 to defend the Ottoman Caliphate [[Aftermath of World War I|at the end of the First World War]] and it spread throughout the British colonial territories. It was strong in British India where it formed a rallying point for some Indian Muslims as one of many anti-British Indian political movements. Its leaders included [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar]], his brother Shawkat Ali and [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], Hakim Ajmal Khan and Barrister Muhammad Jan Abbasi. For a time it was supported by [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], who was a member of the Central Khilafat Committee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indhistory.com/khilafat-movement.html |title=The Khilafat Movement |publisher=Indhistory.com |access-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428192813/http://www.indhistory.com/khilafat-movement.html |archive-date=28 April 2015 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.quaid.gov.pk/politician6.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416001259/http://www.quaid.gov.pk/politician6.htm |url-status=dead |title=The Statesman |archive-date=16 April 2007}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2024}} However, the movement lost its momentum after the abolition of the caliphate in 1924. After further arrests and flight of its leaders, and a series of offshoots splintered off from the main organisation, the Movement eventually died down and disbanded.